Unit 4 Human Rights and Global Hotspots

Question 1

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Answer 1

a document including 30 rights that every human is entitled to so that they can grow and flourish
- countries around the world started to agree on the UDHR in 1948
- Elanor Roosevelt was the first lady who helped write a lot of it
- it started the development of human rights all around the world

Question 2

United Nations

Answer 2

a world organization, created in 1945, that works to maintain worldwide peace and cooperation
- it develops relations among nations
- fosters cooperation between nations in order to solve economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian problems
- the organization has no military might and their biggest consequence is to stop exporta and sanctions
- provides a forum for countries to gather together to meet the UN’s purposes and goals
- originally 51 countries but around 193 today
- put together UDHR

Question 3

Pyramid of Hate

Answer 3

a way to visually depict how the seeds of hate can grow from biased behaviors to violence and even genocide
- there are 5 levels of the pyramid
- 1st level (bottom of pyramid): biased attitudes
- 2nd level: acts of bias
- 3rd level: discrimination
- 4th level: bias motivated violence
- 5th level (top of pyramid): genocide
- if you are on this pyramid, even on the bottom levels, you are supporting the people on the higher levels

Question 4

Indian Removal Act

Answer 4

an act that forced all Native Americans off of their ancestral land to where we nowadays know to be Oklahoma
- this event took place in the 1830’s when the president at the time, Andrew Jackson, passed the Indian Removal Act
- this act forced native american tribes such as the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Sauk, Fox, Choctaw, Seminole, and some other minor tribes, off of their native land and out of their homes
- the white americans wanted more land, so they saw an opportuinity, and took it (plus it was good land)
- most tribes went the first time they were asked to leave, but the ones who didn’t, went to battle, and eventually lost
- the white americans enforced this act by violence such as millitary and guns
- this act took away the Native Americans right to equality, to free travel, to a property, and many more.

Question 5

Andrew Jackson

Answer 5

the president that approved the Indian Removal Act
- in his election campaign, he said the first thing he would do was push the Native Americans off their land and get them more land
- he was taken to court many times on this idea and even lost a case once, but ignoring it, he still took the land anyways
- he took away many of the rights the Native Americans were entitled to and was kind of cruel

Question 6

Trail of Tears

Answer 6

the various paths the Native Americans had to take during the Indian Removal Act
- there were aproximately 16,000 deaths on this trail, whether it was due to harsh weather, disease, or starvation/poor health
- they were forced to take any belongings they could carry with them, causing it to be much harder to travel
- it could take up to 3 months, and they had to travel by foot as well
- some trails could be up to 1,000 miles long
- it is called the trail of tears because there were many tears shed on it

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

unfair treatment of a person or group based on their identity (race, religion, gender, culture, etc.), such as in a job or school opportunities, housing, criminal justice, and segregation
- an example of discrimination could be if someone were to only allow men to shop at their store discriminating all women.

Question 8

Prejudice

Answer 8

negative attitudes towards a particular group based on their identity
- an example of prejudice could be people in the U.S. after the bombing of pearl harbor calling the Japanese racial slurs and other hateful names

Question 9

Japanese Internment Camp

Answer 9

the camps where all people of Japanese Ancestry where relocated to after the attack on Pearl Harbor
- soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor, on May 27th 1941 (74 days after the attack) Executive Order 9066 was established
- this order instructed all people of Japanese Ancestry to pack up things they could carry such as bedding, toiletries, and clothing, and go to an assembly center which they would be later transported to a Japanese Internment Camp
- they were forced to sell businesses and belongings and many families were split up
- they were not killing camps
- there were 10 camps with all of them having barrack style housing, barbed wire fence around them, and heavily millitated
- the Japanese were sent to these camps for “remaining loyal to their ancestral land” and they treated them that way too, arresting some for having suspected ties to Japan
- this forced over 110,000 Japanese Amricans to leave their homes and they were tagged like luggage
- 2/3 were american citizens and half were children
- they isolated the Japanese and also scapegoated them
- camps lasted from 1941-1946

Question 10

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Answer 10

the president at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor
- he had many famous quotes, one of them being right after the attack on Pearl Harbor; “A day that will live in infamy.”
- he would be a part of infulencing the camps and Executive Order 9066

Question 11

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Answer 11

the Japanese millitary bombed the Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii on December 7th, 1941
- before the attack the U.S. was not “involved” in WWII
- 2,300 Americans killed in 2 hours
- 8 battleships sunk
- 2 1/2 hours later Japan declared war on the U.S.
- this was the reason for the Japanese Internment Camps

Question 12

Bias

Answer 12

negative thoughts or idead about, or agianst a certain group based on differences, real or imagined, without any factual basis
- an example of this is predjudice

Question 13

Scapegoating

Answer 13

the act of blaming an entire group for the actions of one or a few
- an example of scapegoating could be blaming all Muslims for 9/11

Question 14

Apartheid

Answer 14

a word that literally means “seperateness or apartness” in Afrikaans, it was a system of racial segregation laws that governed South Africa for nearly 50 years
- these laws aimed to protect the domination of white Southern Africans over non-whites
- In 1948, the National Party came to power and established the restrictive segregationist laws of apartheid
- Apartheid allowed many whites to grow wealthy and powerful while millions of blacks suffered
- under apartheid, blacks could not vote (about 9 million were excluded from participating in government), and every aspect of their life was controlled
- whites owned 80% of the land even though they were 10% of the population
- in 1951, government officials passed the Bantu Authorities Act which placed all non-white into “homelands” that they couldn’t leave from without a passport
- their “homelands” were called Bantustans, which offered a poor quality of land and were unfit for the large populations forced to live there
- it took away human rights such as the right of equality, freedom, free travel, participation in government, and many more

Question 15

Segregation

Answer 15

seperation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
- an example of segregation are the apartheid laws which spereatd South Africa into whit and non-white and restricted where the non-white could live, work, travel, sit, go to the bathroom, eat, etc.

Question 16

Nelson Mandela
July 18, 1918 - December 5, 2013

Answer 16

a leading member of the ANC and beleived in non-violent protests
- Mandela was accused of plotting aganst the white supremacist government and was arrested at the age of 46
- he was sent to life in prison on Robben Island where he was forced to do hard labor and was only allowed 1 visitor every 6 months
- F.W. de Klerk released Mandela from prison in 1990 after he served a total of 27 years
- de Klerk and Mandela worked together to put an end to apartheid
- in 1993, de Klerk and Mandela shared the Nobel Peace Prize for moving the country peacefully into a non-racial democracy
- Nelson Mandela was elected as first black president in 1994 during first election open to all races

Question 17

F.W. de Klerk

Answer 17

the elected president of South Africa in 1989 and worked with Nelson Mandea to dismantle the aparteid laws
- first he released the ban on the ANC (almost immediately)
- he then released Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990, then together they worked to put an end to the aparheid, peacefully
- he shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Nelson Mandela after being successful and moving the country peacefully to a non-racial democracy

Question 18

African National Congress
(ANC)

Answer 18

an organization that had the goal of increasing the rights of Native Africans
- the ANC began to actively fight apartheid in the 1950’s
- the ANC was eventually declared illegal by the South African government and membrs were often arrested, including Nelson Mandela, who was a lading member of the ANC
- the ANC was unbanned in 1989 by president F.W. de Klerk

Question 19

Political Cartoon

Answer 19

a cartoon usually about a political peron, event, institution, or idea that reflects the cartoonist’s values or opinions
- political cartoons may be very funny, especially if you understand the topic that they’re commenting on, but their main purpose, though, is not to amuse you but to PERSUDE you
- a good cartoon makes you think about current events, but it also tries to sway your opinion toward the cartoonist’s point of view
- there is always a message, usually serious
- they often include; symbolism Ex: dove for peace, satire (humor that shows the bad qualities of a peron or government), and caricatures (visual art or descriptive writing that exaggerates certain features to create a comical or absurd affect)
- political cartoons always have an opinion, and some include propaganda
- Dr. Seuss was known for his political cartoons during WWII

Question 20

Anti-semitism

Answer 20

prejudice acts towards Jewish people

Question 21

Patriotism

Answer 21

the quality of being patriotic; devotion to and vigorous support for one’s country
- basically it is to feel pride with your country
- some examples of patriotism include; hanging up your country’s flag, buying war bonds in a time of crisis, celebrate national holidays, sing the national anthem, etc.

Question 22

Nationalism

Answer 22

identification with one’s own nation and support for it’s intrests, especially to the exclusion or detrimentof the intrests of other nations
- a more extreme version of patriotism where people think their country is superior
- Nationalism is amplified by war

Question 23

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 23

a document signed between Germany and the Allied Powers following WWI that officially ended that war
- the countries bnefitted were America, France, and Britain, getting reperation land
- this treaty was not fair to Germany, because they were blamed for the war and had land loss, millitary restrictions, and had to pay a ton of war reperations
- Germany was basically forced to sign the document and had no say in what was written because America, France, and Britain created the document
- some argue that it caused WWII because taking away Germany’s resources made Germans even more mad
- the cost of the reperations sent Germany into eceonomic failure

Question 24

World War 1

Answer 24

a war between the central and allied powers that lasted from July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918
- took place in most of cenntral Europe
- there were 135 different countries which were divided between allied and central powers (more were allied powers)
- the main reason for the war was the difference over foreign policy, but what really set it off was the assasiation of Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophie and some other minor conflicts
- the U.S. got involved in 1917
- chemical weapons were used for the first time with mustard gas during this war
- there was an explosion in France that was heard in England
- many mines were planted in mine shafts causing many explosions
- 12 million letters were sent every week
- plastic surgery was invented because of WWI
- blood banks were developed during the war
- the youngest british soldier was 12
- the League of Nations was established to stop future wars
- was called the “Great War” or the “War of all Wars”
- the war lasted 4 years, 3 months, and 14 days
- the allied powers won and the Treaty of Versailles was signed June 18, 1919

Question 25

National Socialist German Workers Party

Answer 25

commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party, was a far-right political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945, that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.
- they used the swastika which was originally a peaceful symbol and turned it into a hateful one
- this party would help Hitler rise to power and be his “army” and would kill for him and complete his bad deeds
- some Nazis controlled the death camps and concentration camps
- many Nazis were taken to trial and executed or sentenced to life in prison after WWII
- Nazis corrupt beliefs varied from only thinking that people with “German Blood” were citizens, to only German blood citizens were able to do things as simple as publishing a newspaper.

Question 26

Adolf Hitler

Answer 26

the corrupt mastermind behind all of the terrible killings and torturings of the Holocaust
- his mission was to rid the world of Jews and he joined the Nazi party early in his life
- in jail, he wrote his plan to do so in a book called Mein Kampf
- Hitler wanted to enforce his ways through the legality strategy - challenging without violence
- he told the people of Germany that the reason that they lost WW1 was that people in Germany were traitors, more specifically Jewish people and that they needed to be rid of them
- he also said that he would win “living space” for the country and a white supremacy agenda
- due to the majority of German citizens believing his propaganda, he became dictator from 1933-1945
- he and his Nazi party were responsible for so much innocent bloodshed and lives but not only Jews but homosexuals and Poles as well
- he orchestrated killing camps and ghettos which Jews were forced to go into with no government help its resources, and everyone thought they are traitors which just made everything worse and increased hate crimes
- He killed 6 million Jewish people, but around 11 million in total died because of him
- he and his wife committed suicide in 1945 because they had lost the war

Question 27

Mein Kampf

Answer 27

translated from German it means “My Struggle”, the Mein Kampf was a book Hitler wrote in prison and it was about the plan that he had for his political party
- he wanted to become a politician and to get elected to enforce his ways, instead of using violence which is the reason he was imprisoned
- the book also had his future plans for Germany and it was basically the blueprint for his overthrow, his platform

Question 28

Platform

Answer 28

a formal set of principal goals which are supported by a political party or individual candidate, in order to appeal to the general public, for the ultimate purpose of garnering the general public’s support and votes about complicated topics or issues

Question 29

Holocaust*

Answer 29

a systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators
- greek word meaning: “sacrifice by fire”
- Hitler was the leader of the holocaust and had a white supremacy agenda
- many suffered because of the holocaust, not all just Jews

Question 30

Genocide

Answer 30

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation
- an example of a genocide is the holocaust and all of the concentration camps

Question 31

Concentration Camps

Answer 31

a camp created to confine large numbers of prisoners (including political opponents and those deemed racially inferior) in harsh and unhealthy conditions
- they were popular during the time of WWII and it was an easy way for Hitler to kill Jews
- little resources were given to people suffering in concentration camps

Question 32

Hate Crime

Answer 32

A hate crime is a crime motivated by bias against race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity or disability
- an example of a hate crime could be harassment, verbal abuse, assault or criminal damage.

Question 33

Milgram Experiment

Answer 33

an experiment to show the morality of mankind in a situation that goes against one’s continence
- this was by having two roles, a learner and a reader
- the learner and reader were taken into a room where the learner was shown being tied to an electric shock device and took the reader into another room
- the reader was then given a set of words told to be read to a reader before the experiment, while this was happening, the learner was getting out of the chair, because they were an actor, and setting up a voice recording of loud screams
- the screams were used after the reader would read off words and if the learner did not know, they would increase the electric voltage, and go on to the next question
- the reader was pressured because there was someone in the room with him, the teacher who was like recording the experiment with data and stuff, and people who were closer to the teacher went higher voltage
- this proved that an important factor in influencing behavior is the situation a person is in
- this tested many people’s minds and some readers ended up having panic attacks and seizures etc.
- there were a lot of people who went all the way up and it would’ve killed the person if it was a real person, not an actor

Question 34

Bashar-Al-Assad

Answer 34

the president of Syria since 2000- present
- he was passed his presidency from his father
- controls a very autocratic government (1 person gov.)
- a very ruthless, and unjust leader and is disliked by many Syrian people and hence has been protested against since 2011

Question 35

Refugee

Answer 35

a person who is fleeing their country to escape the danger of a crisis, and moving to a new country
- refugees normally leave their country if their life is at risk whether that is because of a natural disaster or a government crisis

Question 36

Refugee Camp

Answer 36

a camp for refugees who come to have a “safe” place to live
- many refugee camps have poor living conditions while others do not
- many camps are heavily militarized as well
-camps are usually placed in surrounding countries of the country that people are fleeing from

Question 37

Barrel Bombs

Answer 37

explosives dropped from large helicopters high up in the sky, randomly
- barrel bombs are made of highly explosive gas cans filled with shards of glass, nails, scrap metals, etc, that all disperse and fly everywhere as the bomb hits the ground
- there are fins on the back of the barrel bomb to direct the bomb, and an impact fuse on the front to ignite the TNT

Question 38

Holy City

Answer 38

the city also known as the “center of the world” or “the beating heart of the world”, Jerusalem
- located in the state of Israel in the Middle East
- has been fought over for many years dating back thousands of years
- has 7 gates and lots of history
- holy for 3 monotheistic religions (birthplace of monotheism)
SIGNIFICANCE TO EACH RELIGION:
Christianity: Jesus was crucified and resurrected there, also there is the Church of the Holy Seplicar
Judaism: Abraham almost sacrificed his son there and the Western Wall and first Synagogue were built there
Islam: Prophet Mohammad ascended into heaven there where the Dome of the Rock is

Question 39

West Bank

Answer 39

a Palestinian province in the state of Israel
- located on the south eastern part of Israel
- Jordan River runs along it
- led by Baas and his Fatah party
- lives pretty much in harmony with the rest of Israel “the modern approach”
- willing to recognize Israel as a country and supports the two state solution

Question 40

Gaza Strip

Answer 40

a Palestinian province in the state of Israel
- in western part of Israel by Mediterranean Sea
- poor and cut off from the rest of the world
- little clean water and little good food
- there is a wall on both sides, Israel and Egypt
- they rely on the UN
- controlled by Hamas
- they feel their land was taken unfairly, and there is much violence and conflict

Question 41

Vladimir Putin*

Question 42

Sanction

Answer 42

an official order, such as the stopping of trade, that is taken against a country in order to make it obey international law (punishment)
- sanctions are usually imposed by the United Nations and other authorities, on countries that are not only attacking other countries but their own as well
- sanctions will be lifted when the county lifts it’s troops

Question 43

Volodymyr Zelensky

Answer 43

the current President of Ukraine (2019 - present)
- AKA: Volodymyr Zelenskyy
or Volodymyr Zelenskiy
- born January 25th, 1978 (45)
- political affiliation: Servant of the People
- in his early life, he had a career in entertainment and was in a performance group, a producer of a television channel called Inner TV, and he also starred in quite a few movies and rom-com’s
- He started to become more interested in the politics with his new show called Servant of the People which was a hit and would soon be declared a political party
- that turned corrupt and Zelenskyy ended up breaking apart and he gained 30% of the vote in 2019, this would lead him to be president
- had a role in the Ukraine scandal in 2019 involving President Trump

Question 44

Soviet Union

Answer 44

the geographical name for the USSR or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- a former country from 1922-1991 and was the largest country in the world during that period of time in terms of land area
- located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia bordering on the Arctic and Pacific oceans and Baltic and Black seas
- just the capital Moscow area itself was 8,649,512 square miles
- it was a union of constituent republics that include; Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan

Question 45

Cold War

Answer 45

the period of tension after WWII between the two superpowers of the world, the United States and the Soviet Union
- the United States and the Soviet Union became rivals after WWII to try to prevent each other from growing too powerful
- the alliances were then formed starting with NATO in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955
- the Berlin Wall is a symbol of the Cold War because the city of Berlin was fought over until the Soviet Union took over and put up the Berlin Wall
- other battles took place in the western hemisphere as well
- the Cold War was not just in Europe because the Soviet Union was trying to spread its communist ideologies so much that they would give funds and support to any other country that had a communist government, the US tried to stop this
- in the 1970s the US and Soviet Union signed agreements and the Berlin Wall was taken down the Warsaw pact was then dissolved
- this conflict did not result in an actual big war, it resulted in some smaller-scale wars

Question 46

NATO

Answer 46

AKA: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
is a political and military alliance between the United States, Canada, and numerous European countries
- 12 countries (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States) established NATO in 1949 as a defense against the Soviet Union and its eastern European allies and to prevent their Communist ideologies from spreading causing the Cold War
- after this, the Soviet Union and its allies formed a similar pact but polar opposite content
- in 1991 the Warsaw pact ended with the Soviet Union disbanding, allowing previous Warsaw pact members such as Hungary and Poland to join NATO
- NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.