Unit 3 Roads to Revolutions

Question 1

1st Criteria to make an event a revolution

Answer 1

People need to be upset with Status Quo or see a need for change.

Question 2

2nd Criteria to make an event a revolution

Answer 2

Present a plan
- People (or a person) must present a plan that seems better than the Status Quo

Question 3

3rd Criteria to make an event a revolution

Answer 3

Plan is put into ACTION
- The plan should be followed and put into action and change should happen… at least for a period of time

Question 4

What happens if the 3 Criteria to make an event a revolution aren’t met?

Answer 4

It is considered a Rebellion not a Revolution

Question 5

Tragic Necessity

Answer 5

Something tragic that occurred but was needed for a change to the Status Quo. It could be for the greater good but there will be consequences.
- Tragic Necessity is clearly connected to historical perspective
- Personal Examples of Tragic Necessity: cast/surgery, braces, and studying.
- Historical Examples of Tragic Necessity: Protestant Reformation, American Revolution, Bombing of Hiroshima.

Question 6

Status Quo

Answer 6

The current state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues.

Question 7

Revolution

Answer 7

A forcible overthrow of government or a social order, in favor of a new system.
- Can be misunderstood for: Rebellion, Revolt, Insurrection, Mutiny, Uprising, Riot, Insurgence, Coup, and Overthrow.
- In order for a Revolution to happen the 3 criteria must be met.

Question 8

Watershed Moment

Answer 8

a turning point or historic point in time.

Question 9

Classical Scholarship

Answer 9

the study of the classical world of the Ancient Greeks and Romans
- people returned to this during the Renaissance

Question 10

Humanism

Answer 10

A cultural movement during the Renaissance that focussed on a study of the classical works for literature from the ancient world.
- Humanists beleived that learning led to a better life on earth, rather than focussing solely on getting into Heaven.
- The liberal arts were reintroduced. Ex(s): music, grammar, logic, and arithmetic. Also people returned to classical scholarship.

Question 11

Secularism

Answer 11

The view that religion should not be the center of human affairs.
- people began to see that lif could be an opportunity for enjoyment and pleasure instead of just the means of getting into Heaven.
- people began seeing this view of the world during the Renaissance

Question 12

Individualism

Answer 12

To view human worth and the fact that the individual was more important than the larger community (each human has a purpose to the greater good).
- In the middle ages, the collective group such as residents on a manor were more important than individuals.
- Individualism allowed artists, architects, authors, and composers, move away from religious topics and explore human potential.
- this view became more popular during the Renaissance

Question 13

Christian Humanism

Answer 13

the idea that you should focus on yourself and on Christanity by following the laws of Jesus Christ
- Christian humanists focused on the history of Christianity and what they believed to be the law of love decalred by Jesus Christ
- they beleived that a good Christian should focus on their own lives, love, peace, and simplicity
- this was an idea that occured during the Renaissance

Question 14

Renaissance

Answer 14

a social revolution that brought up new ideas of life, and changes in art and architecture
- the word Renaissance literally means rebirth
- it began in Italy but spread all over Europe
- there were many changes in art, architecture, education, literature, and music, that can still be seen today
- started when the feudal system broke down
- there were many rediscoveries in art and literature as well from ancient Greeks and Romans also known as classical scholarship
- during this time many people started questioning the aspects of life bringing up new ideas

Question 15

Catholic Reformation

Answer 15

the changes the Catholic Church had to make to it’s rules and beleifs in order to stay strong against Protestanism
- some included; no more selling of indulgences, sending misssionaries to uphold traditional Catholic beleifs from the bible, and priests must be qualified to be a official priest (no more paying to be a priest)
- these were a result of the Protestant Reformation and are still seen today.

Question 16

Indulgence

Answer 16

Passes to shorten your time spent in purgatory before Heaven
- A ticket sold by Catholic Churches that would “Clear you from sin”.
- They were basically tickets to Heaven.
- You could pre-pay for them
- This was one of the main causes for the 95 Theses and Protestant Reformation.

Question 17

95 Theses

Answer 17

95 complaints written by Martin Luther to the Catholic Church.
- These were written concerning the corrupt rules and beleifs of the Catholic Church
- Sparked Protestant Reformation
- 95 Theses was posted on All Saint’s Eve Day and in 1517 on the Catholic Church front door.

Question 18

Leonardo Da Vinci

Answer 18

One of the greatest Renaissance artists.
- Nicknamed the “Renaissance Man.”
- Talented artist, engineer, architect, and musician.
- Interested in anatomy and to learn how muscles and bones worked.

Question 19

Inquisition

Answer 19

A court for religious crimes
- non-christians were totured until they converted
- If they did not convert, they could be burned at the stake
- there was also torturing if anyone spoke out against the church
- they put it all “ In the Name of God”
- these were protested against in the Protestant Reformation

Question 20

Protestant Reformation

Answer 20

a religious revolution that tried to stop the corruption of the Catholic Church
- people were upset with th erratic rules of the Catholic Church and their corrupt policies such as selling of indulgences, having only one language for the bible, and torture to people who were a “threat” to their policies
- this revolution started because of a document made by Martin Luther called the 95 Theses
- as a result of this revolution many changes were made to the Catholic Church such as no more torturing and selling of indulgences
- another result of this was a new branch of Christianity called Lutheran

Question 21

Scientific Revolution

Answer 21

the series of events that led to modern science
- took place during 1540 and 1700 in Europe
- people started questioning the literal world
- there were many major astronomical, physical, and biological discoveries that would lead to the understanding of our world today during this time
- the scientific method was created, resulting in more scientists working hard to experiment to prove their theories
- scientists had to work very hard to prove their theories and many also had the threat of the Catholic Church against them because they went against their beleifs of the natural world

Question 22

Ptolemy

Answer 22

a famous Greek thinker who wrote about astronomy and geography in ancient times
- the first person to come up with the geocentric theory (the earth is the center of the universe) in the 100s
- the Catholic Church agreed with his ideas because they based their knowledge of the natural world on the Bible and believed that God had made human beings the center of everything so they had to be the center of the universe
- Ptolemy’s theories were disproven during the Scientific Revolution

Question 23

Scientific Method

Answer 23

a system used to conduct orderly and reliable experiments
- the scientific method was made by two men by the names of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes during the Scientific Revolution
- the step-by-step process includes 7 steps
- these steps are: 1. Think about a problem or develop a purpose question 2. Research/ Observe/ Provide previous knowledge 3. Come up with a Hypothesis 4. Conduct the Experiment 5. Collect and Analyze the Data 6. Develop the Conclusion 7. Further questioning

Question 24

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 24

a Polish astronomer who contradicted the ancient astronomer Ptolemy
- believed to have sparked the Scientific Revolution when he published his book called On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres in 1543
- Copernicus explained that based on his observations, Ptolemy’s geocentric theory did not make sense.
- his theory was that the earth and the planets revolved around the sun, contradicting Ptolemy
- he died before he could prove his theory

Question 25

Galileo Galilei

Answer 25

an Itallian scientist who would eventually prove Copernicus’ theory during the Scientific Revolution
- Galileo was one of the first people to study the sky through a telescope and see craters and mountains on the moon
- he was known for always using experiments to test his theories instead of just observing
- he was also put up against the Inquisitions for going against the Church’s beleifs by contradicting Ptolemy

Question 26

Sir Isaac Newton

Answer 26

an English scientist who published his book Principa Mathematica during the peak of the Scientific Revolution in 1687
- he is known by many historians and scientists to be one of the greatest scientists ever
- his theories were proven so many times they became laws
- he is well known for his law of gravity, along with other laws of motion including how objects move through space

Question 27

King Louis XVI (1754-1793)

Answer 27

the King of the French at the time of the French Revolution
- he was viewed as a weak leader, for he could not make the difficult descisions needed to protect and advocate for his citizens
- he squandered the wealth of France and brought it to bankruptcy
- he drained royal treasures, caused two decades of poor harvest and drought because he gave no power to the peasants and overall didn’t care for them
- the peasant class was desperate for their king to provide relief but instead he imposed heavy taxes
- he was surrounded by many advisors but chose to listen to his wife’s terrible advice
- he tried to flee during the rign of terror when everyone was after him for hs unjust actions and being a monarch but his plan failed and he was arrested in 1792 and murdered by guillotine in 1793

Question 28

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793)

Answer 28

the Queen of France at the time of the French Revolution
- she was the wife of King Louis XVI
- part of the second estate
- was accused of hogging a large supply of bread and food whilist the peasant class was in famine
- was not liked very much by the French
- got very expensive gifts, travels, and servants but gave poor advice in return
- was blamed for harming the French Economy and was given the nickname “Madame Déficit”
- she received the same fate as her husband in 1793 when she was guillotined by the National Convention/Jacobins

Question 29

Napoleon BonaParte

Answer 29

the man who ended up becoming the emperor of France in 1799
- Napoleon started out as a French millitary commander and political leader during the French Revolution
- he gained a lot of power and started moving his way up the French status charts and ended up gaining full power over the country declaring himself Emperor
- he is now considered one of the greatest millitary generals in history

Question 30

National Assembly

Answer 30

a group of 3rd Estate representative who would soon become a group called the National Assembly
- during the French Revolution, the 3rd Estate was kicked out from the General Estate for wanting equal representation
- after this the 3rd Estate mt seperately in a indoor tennis court and started calling themselves the National Assembly, there they all took the Tennis Court Oath (to not stop until they got a constitution and a Constitutional Monarchy)
- this had sparked the French Revolution
- they went on to storm and tare down the Bastille which was a royal prison in Paris and it was then a national holiday
- this was when the king realized he had a revolution against him not a revolt
- the National Assembly would then come to reach their goal and complete their oath

Question 31

3 Estates

Answer 31

the group of people divided into 3 groups who met about the French Government
- the 1st Estate included the Clergies and Church officials (had to pay no tax)
- the 2nd Estate included the nobility such as the king and queen and the nobles
- the 3rd Estate was everyone else uch as the peasants and normal people
- these Estates disbanded during the French Revolution

Question 32

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 32

the leader of the Jacobins and known as the “architect of the Reign of Terror”
- he was responisble for many killings during the Reign of Terror for they were under his order
- he killed whoever beileived otherwise from his beleifs even his own associates who he was hated by
- he died in 1794 ending the Reign of Terror

Question 33

Reign of Terror

Answer 33

a extremely violent priod of time in France during the French Revolution where a brutal system of justice was initiated which would come to be know as the “Reign of Terror”
- this period of time lasted about a year and the suspected enemies of the revolution and people who spoke out against it were murdered
- there was a lot of killing during this time
- killing by guillotine was introduced during this time as well
- this period ended with the death of Maximilien Robespierre in 1794

Question 34

Jacobins

Answer 34

radical revolutionaries who wanted to have a Republic and not to have a Monarch at all
- Maximilien Robespierre was one of the most influential leaders of the Jacobins
- they wanted to preserve the advances made by the Revolution but ended up going too far with it
- they branched off from the national assembly and declared France a Republic for a short period of time
- they were fought by the rest of the National Assembly for going too far
- the Jacobins were responsible for many deaths for people who spoke out against them including being involved with the executions of the King and Queen
- they were a big part of the Reign of Terror as well

Question 35

Industrial Revolution

Answer 35

the process of change from an agrarian (agriculture) and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing
- could be considered as a technilogical or social revolution
- began in Great Britain in the 18th Century and then spread throughout the world
- there are many different phases of the Industrial Revolution and some are still happening today
- new textiles, transportation, machinery, and roads systems were revolutionized during this revolution
- industrialization made it possible to mass produce goods and ship them hundreds of miles away and across seas
- many new inventors and innovators became sprouting up
- labor force was used with children and women
- resulted in an increase in population and urbanization and brought about major industrial and economical developments

Question 36

Child Labor

Answer 36

the use of children in industry and factories
- during the Industrial Revolution, children were centra to th industrial workforce
- children could be as young as about 6 years old and work in a industrial factory
- they had little to no pay in their work
- they worked long hours in dangerous conditions and essentially had no rights
- some kids even ost limbs or their lives to the poor and dangerous working conditions
- children were useful laborers because they could fit in small spaces in mines and factories that adults couldn’t

Question 37

Martin Luther

Answer 37

a Christian Priest who would come to start the Protestant Reformation
- he went to school to be a lawyer but got caught in a large storm and he made a deal with god to commit to Christianity so he went to a monastery to be a Christian Monk
- he then became a Christian Priest
- he started to see what corrupt actions and rules the Catholic Church had in place
- Luther beleived in justification by faith, that the Bible is the source of God’s thoughts, and no selling of indulgences
- the Church’s rules went against his beleifs so he wrote a document with 95 complaints to the Catholic Church called the 95 Theses, and posted the document on the Chruch door
- this document would spark the protestant reformation
- he fought for his religion and was excommunicated when the Pope thought he was going too far and was not exemplary of their religion
- he pursued his fight anyways and ended up doing other great acts such as translating the Bible into German and branching a new type of Christianity called Lutheran