Unit 4 Exam Study Guide

Question 1

Physiological response to hyperventilation?

Answer 1

Kidneys conserve H+, kidneys excrete more HCO3.

Question 2

Mixed solution w/ a semi-permeable membrane which lets water cross. Side A has 1000 small particles and 100 big particles. Side B has 1000 big particles. How does the water move?

Answer 2

Water will move to Side A (follows decreasing gradient)

Question 3

True or false? Intracellular pH is slightly lower b/c cell metabolism produces acid.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

During respiratory acidosis pCO2 ______ and is compensated for by _____ in HCO3 stores.

Answer 4

• increases

- increases

Question 5

An elevation of ____ in plasma results in jaundice in dogs.

Answer 5

Bilirubin

Question 6

What does the liver serve as a buffer for?

Answer 6

Iron and glucose! (2)

Question 7

High pH, low H+, high PaCO2, and increased bicarbonate. What is this typical of?

Answer 7

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 8

High CO2 and high H+/low pH suggests what?

Answer 8

Respiratory

Question 9

Does an increase in capillary permeability describe endogenous prevention of extracellular edema?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

What compartment is the largest body fluid compartment?

Answer 10

Intracellular compartment (ICF)

40%?

Question 11

What drives intracellular edema during ischemia (lack of blood flow)?

Answer 11

Ionic pump failure that leads to accumulation of intracellular sodium

Question 12

What cell type in the liver is known for secreting bile?

Answer 12

Hepatocyte

Question 13

Bile has 3 main functions

Answer 13

Emulsifier, transport cholesterol, excrete waste products

Question 14

What will shift an oxygen-dissociation to the right?

Answer 14

Increase in H+

Increase temp, increase CO2

Question 15

Is the bicarbonate filtered at the glomerulus the same bicarbonate that is reabsorbed back into the blood?

Answer 15

NOOO

Question 16

How is H+ transported from the epithelial cell into the renal tubule?

Answer 16

Na/H anti porter
H+ ATPase
K/H+ antiporter

Question 17

Does the interstitial fluid compartment have a higher protein concentration compared to the plasma?

Answer 17

No, the plasma has more proteins!

Question 18

True or false? Veinous pH is a little basic b/c of the high CO2 and becomes H2CO3

Answer 18

False

Question 19

What components are concentrated in the ECF?

Answer 19

Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

Question 20

As bile travels through its ducts, what is added to the bile?

Answer 20

Sodium, water, bicarbonate

Question 21

What happens to plasma CO2 and pH from an increase in alveolar ventilation?

Answer 21

Decreased CO2 and increased pH

Question 22

Do all alterations to body fluids begin in the intracellular fluid?

Answer 22

No, they begin in the extracellular fluid

Question 23

Which ion(s) make up the bulk of the osmoles in the ICF?

Answer 23

Potassium

Question 24

What happens to a cell’s volume if it is put into a hypertonic solution?

Answer 24

It shrinks!

Question 25

What regulates fluid movement from the plasma to the interstitium?

Answer 25

Osmotic pressure and Hydrostatic pressure

Question 26

Does edema only afflict the extracellular compartments?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

What factors into one’s fluid balance?

Answer 27

Age, sex, obesity. | Muscle contains more water

Question 28

These liver endothelial cells are special from other capillaries because of large holes called what?

Answer 28

Sinusoids (cell type), fenestra

Question 29

What does “third space” mean?

Answer 29

Space doesn’t equilibrate with extracellular fluid and likely results in loss of blood volume.

Question 30

How does the body regulate extracellular osmolality?

Answer 30

ADH-water excretion | Brain- water intake

Question 31

How can an individual take in water?

Answer 31

Ingest food, water, synthesize by oxidation

Question 32

How does a brain compensate for hypernatremia (dehydration)?

Answer 32

Regulatory volume increase (RVI) by increasing electrolytes.

Question 33

What is the advantage of using NH4+ as a urine buffer?

Answer 33

NH4+ is not permeable across cell membranes. So it is trapped in the tubular lumen.

Question 34

How does the renal system respond to an increase in pCO2?

Answer 34

- secretes more H+ into the tubular lumen - conserves all HCO3- - generates new HCO3- via buffer system

Question 35

What mechanism is the best at regulating extracellular pH?

Answer 35

Kidneys

Question 36

When a patient has a loss of a hypotonic fluid (sweating), what happens to the ICF and osmolality?

Answer 36

Decrease in volume, increase in osmolality.

Question 37

During hyponatremia, what happens to plasma sodium? | What are the short term consequences to the cells?

Answer 37

Sodium falls below 142 mEq/L | Cells swell

Question 38

What is NOT concentrated in the ECF?

Answer 38

Potassium

Question 39

The liver blood flow is (high/low)? The liver functions as what type of reservoir? The liver lymph flow is high or low?

Answer 39

- high - blood reservoir - lymph is high

Question 40

What is the first line of defense for buffering against ECF pH changes? (Within seconds)

Answer 40

Chemical buffer systems

Question 41

What is the most important urine buffer during ACIDOSIS?

Answer 41

Ammonia buffer (A as in Acid)

Question 42

Can all animal liver’s produce vitamin C?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

How can kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

Answer 43

Excrete a basic or acidic urine

Question 44

True or false? Urine varies depending on acid/base balance in the animal.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Primary buffer in the ECF

Answer 45

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 46

Blood pH is 7.1, a PaCO2 of 20 MmHg, and a HCO3 of 15mEq/L. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 46

Metabolic acidosis

Question 47

What are the buffer systems in cells?

Answer 47

Phosphate and proteins