Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

What type of nephron has a long Loop of Henle along with a HIGH concentration power.

Answer 1

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 2

What carriers urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Answer 2

Ureter

Question 3

What makes the renal vasculature so unique?

Answer 3

Two capillary beds

Question 4

True or false? The peritubular capillaries have low hydrostatic pressure.

Answer 4

True.

The glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure.

Question 5

In what scenario would the excretion rate be equal to the filtration rate?

Answer 5

If the substance is not reabsorbed or secreted.

Question 6

True or false? The parasympathetic nervous system comes into play during the filling of the bladder.

Answer 6

False. The SYMPATHETIC NS is responsible for the bladder filling.

Question 7

What muscle allows the bladder to contract?

Answer 7

Detrusor/smooth muscle

Question 8

What sphincter PREVENTS urination and is under voluntary control?

Answer 8

External sphincter

Question 9

True or false? The voiding phase is the longest of micturition.

Answer 9

False, the FILLING phase is the longest phase.

Question 10

True or false. All animals have the classic kidney bean shape.

Answer 10

False, mammals do

Question 11

What force does not play a role in controlling GFR in normal circumstances? (It is zero)

Answer 11

Bowman’s capsule osmotic force

Question 12

True or false? Glomerular capillaries have a significantly higher filtration rate than normal capillaries.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Which of the following glomerulus layers is unique to the capillary?

• fenestrations
• podocytes
• basement membrane
• endothelium

Answer 13

Podocytes

Question 14

Why is it that albumin cannot cross the glomerulus in normal circumstances?

Answer 14

Large size and negative charge.

Question 15

Why would the Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure increase?

Answer 15

Obstructive uropathy

Question 16

What process consumes a majority of renal metabolism?

Answer 16

Sodium reabsorption

Question 17

What is the largest determinant of renal blood flow by regulating vascular resistance?

Answer 17

Efferent arterioles

Question 18

Do strong sympathetic nervous stimulation increase, decrease or maintain GFR by constricting the arterioles?

Answer 18

Decrease GFP under constriction

Question 19

Angiotensin 2 _______ GFR by constricting the _______ arteriole

Answer 19

Preserves; efferent

Question 20

What term describes the kidney’s intrinsic ability to regulate blood flow independent of pressure changes

Answer 20

Autoregulation

Question 21

______ cells are found in the arterioles of the glomerulus and secrete ____

Answer 21

Granular; renin

Question 22

True or false? Glomerular filtration is highly selective.

Answer 22

False, it is not highly selective

Question 23

Where in the kidney does ultrafiltration occur?

Answer 23

Bulk flow reabsorption into peritubular capillaries

Question 24

Where in the kidney does most of the uncontrolled sodium reabsorption occur?

Answer 24

PCT

Question 25

True or false? The osmolarity of the filtrate has gone up at the end of the PCT?

Answer 25

False. It stays the same

Question 26

What portion of the nephrons do loop diuretics target?

Answer 26

TAL

Question 27

What electrolyte does a Type A intercalated cell play an important role in the transportation of?

Answer 27

Hydrogen

Question 28

True or false? The insertion of aquaporin does NOT describe the action of aldosterone on a principal cell?

Answer 28

True. Things that aldosterone does includes insertion of new ENaC, promotes ATP production, and insertion of new Na/K ATPase

Question 29

Where would a K-sparing diuretic target in the nephron?

Answer 29

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 30

How does one determine urine osmolarity in the clinic?

Answer 30

Measure urine specific gravity

Question 31

How does the kidney form concentrated urine?

Answer 31

ADH and CCMM

Question 32

The hormone ____ controls the recirculation of _____, which contributes about 50% to the hyperosmotic renal medullary?

Answer 32

ADH; urea

Question 33

True or false? The DCT is permeable to water, independent of ADH.

Answer 33

False. The PCT is permeable to water independent of ADH

Question 34

What is not a good indicator of GFR/kidney function?

Answer 34

Glucose

Question 35

What hormone is best at controlling water reabsorption?

Answer 35

ADH

Question 36

True or false? Glucose diffuses across the BLM using GLUT transporters?

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Where are variations in K secretion handles in the nephrons?

Answer 37

DCT

Question 38

What property of the Vasa Recta allow it to contribute to making a hyperosmotic renal medulla

Answer 38

It does Not create the hyperosmotic renal medulla

Question 39

What is the diagnostic term for BUN elevations

Answer 39

Azotemia

Question 40

What is creatinine a good measure of GFR?

Answer 40

Very little secreted, freely filtered, not reabsorbed

Question 41

What hormone is a drug effecting that accidentally inhibits K regulation in plasma?

Answer 41

Aldosterone

Question 42

Why would a type 1 (DM) diabetic patient struggle w/ K regulation?

Answer 42

Insulin is an important regulator of K

Question 43

What transporter is essential in reabsorbing glucose in the DCT?

Answer 43

Glucose is not reabsorbed in the DCT

Question 44

What term describes when glucose starts to be excreted in urine?

Answer 44

Renal threshold

Question 45

A patient w/ PU, PD, and glucose + in urine is what?

Answer 45

Diabetes mellitus