unit 4 exam (final exam) Flashcards
What is an antecedent stimulus?
An observable stimulus that is present before the behavior occurs.
What is discriminated operant behavior?
Operant behavior that is systematically influenced by antecedent stimuli.
What is S^D?
Discriminative stimulus - an antecedent stimulus that can evoke a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the S^D is present that response will be reinforced
What is S-Delta?
An antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the s-delta is present that response will not be reinforced (extinction)
What is S^Dp?
an antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the S^Dp is present, that response will be punished.
What are the 3 terms of the 3-term contingency?
- Antecedent stimulus
- Behavior
- Consequence
IF S^D AND Response –> THEN Reinforcer
IF S-Delta AND Response –> THEN No Consequence
IF S^Dp AND Response –> Then Punisher
What is Discrimination Training?
A procedure in which an operant response is reinforced in the presence of an S^D and extinguished in the presence of an S-delta
How was discrimination training used on African rats?
Rats were trained using discrimination training to detect landmines. The S^D was TNT and the S-delta was dirt
What is generalization?
When a novel stimulus resembling the S^D evokes the response, despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that novel stimulus.
What are stimulus-generalization gradients?
A graph depicting increases in responding as the novel antecedent stimulus more closely resembles the S^D
What tactics are useful in promoting generalization?
- Teach behaviors that will contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
- Train Diversely
- Arrange antecedent stimuli that will cue generalization
What is a stimulus response chain?
A fixed sequence of operant responses, each evoked by a response-produced S^D
How is task analysis useful when teaching a stimulus-response chain?
They provide a precise specification of the sequence of antecedents, responses and consequences that comprise a stimulus-response chain
How is backward chaining used when teaching a stimulus-response chain?
The final link in the stimulus-response chain is taught first and once that link is mastered additional links are added in reverse order
How is forward chaining used when teaching a stimulus-response chain?
It involves teaching the links in the stimulus-response chain in the order they will need to be emitted
How is prompting used when teaching a stimulus-response chain?
A prompt is an antecedent stimulus that facilitates or guides the desired response when it is not happening under appropriate discriminative-stimulus control
How is fading used when teaching a stimulus-response chain?
Fading is the gradual removal of a prompt as the response is increasingly emitted under discriminative-stimulus control
What is choice?
Voluntary behavior occurring in a context in which alternative behaviors are possible
What are the four variables that affect choice?
- Reinforcement vs. No Consequence
- Reinforcer Size/Quality
- Effort
- Reinforcer Delay
What is Herrnstein’s matching equation
It is a simple equation that predicted how pigeons chose to allocate their behavior between pecking the left (BL) and right keys (BR). He hypothesized that these choices would be influenced by the reinforcers obtained on the left (RL) and the right (RR) keys
BL/(BL+BR) = RL/(RL+RR)
What do the letters of Herrnstein’s matching equation mean?
BL: Pecking the left keys
BR: Pecking the right keys
RL: Reinforcers obtained on the left
RR: Reinforcers obtained on the right
What is on the left and right sides of Herrnstein’s matching equation?
The right is the reinforcer and left is the behavior
What happens to choice when you manipulate the R1 ad R2 variables
You can increase socially desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior
What does the matching law have to say about drug abuse and white nationalism?
Drug use is not a moral failing, it is the result of a lack of substitute reinforcers
How does the matching law apply to human attention?
Humans choose to allocate more of their news-gathering activities to biased sources, either liberal or conservative
What is a substitute reinforcer?
A reinforcer that is increasingly consumed when access to another reinforcer is constrained.
Contingency management of substance use disorders
There are very few or very weak alternatives non-drug reinforcers to compete with drugs so we need to use alternative non-drug reinforcers
What is impulsivity?
choosing the smaller-sooner reward and foregoing the larger-later reward
What is self-control?
Choosing the larger-later reward and foregoing the smaller-sooner reward
How does delay discounting underlie impulsive choice and preference reversals?
What is the shape of the delay-discounting function?
hyperbola
What choice will the individual make at time T1?
The impulsive choice is made
What choice will the individual make at time T2?
Neither reward is immediately available at T2. The LLR will be preferred at T2
What are the findings in Rachlin & Green’s commitment experiment?
Pigeons chose between pecking the orange and red keys at T2. The pigeons frequently committed themselves to this course of self-control
What is mand?
a verbal operant occasioned by an establishing operation and maintained by the verbally specified reinforcer
What is tact?
A verbal operant occasioned by a nonverbal stimulus and maintained by a variety of social reinforcers
What is echoic?
A verbal operant in which the response resembles the verbal antecedent stimulus and is maintained with a variety of socially mediated reinforcers
What is intraverbal?
A verbal response occasioned by a verbal discriminative stimulus but the form of the response does not resemble that stimulus; intraverbals are maintained by a variety of social reinforcers
What is symmetric relational responding?
The behavior of relating two arbitrary stimuli as, in many ways, the same
What role does symmetric relational responding play in human language?
It makes verbal behavior verbal
What is multiple-exemplar training?
Teaching an individual to symmetrically relate arbitrary stimuli over and over again with multiple examples
What role does multiple-exemplar training play in learning symmetrical relational responding?
It teaches kids through prior training experiences (multiple-exemplar training) that when it comes to verbal behavior, symmetric relational responding is always reinforced
What is stimulus equivalence?
After explicitly teaching an unidirectional relation between three or more arbitrary stimuli, symmetric relational responding is demonstrated between all stimuli. The individual relates all of the stimuli, in many ways, as equivalent to one another
How can verbal stimuli have emotion-evoking psychological functions?
The verbal stimuli (words) are equivalent with the actual thing, the words evoke a fear/joy response similar to that evoked by the actual thing
What is rule-governed behavior?
behavior influenced by a verbal description of the operative three-term contingency
What is contingency-shaped behavior?
Behavior acquired and maintained by interacting with the contingencies of reinforcement alone
What is pliance?
Rule-governed behavior occurring because of socially mediated positive or negative reinforcers
What is tracking?
Rule-following occurring because the instructions appear to correctly describe operant contingencies
What is the “dark side of tracking” ?
Rules can suppress variability and this leaves behavior unprepared for the inevitable changes in contingencies of reinforcement and punishment
What is ACT?
Acceptance and commitment therapy that was designed to therapeutically undermine the client’s rules about the causal nature of thoughts
How is ACT different from other forms of talk therapies?
There is no attempt to try to reduce, change, avoid, suppress or control thoughts. Instead, clients learn to reduce the impact and influence of unwanted thoughts
What does acceptance mean in ACT?
Approaching the thought, so as to examine it flexibly with a sense of curiosity
What does commitment mean in ACT?
Accepting thoughts and recognizing that they are not incompatible with behaving in accord with one’s values
How are values important in commitment?
Values are client-selected qualities of behavior that may be continuously emitted without reaching an end-goal
