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PSY 1400 > unit 4 exam (final exam) > Flashcards

unit 4 exam (final exam) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antecedent stimulus?

A

An observable stimulus that is present before the behavior occurs.

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2
Q

What is discriminated operant behavior?

A

Operant behavior that is systematically influenced by antecedent stimuli.

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3
Q

What is S^D?

A

Discriminative stimulus - an antecedent stimulus that can evoke a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the S^D is present that response will be reinforced

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4
Q

What is S-Delta?

A

An antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the s-delta is present that response will not be reinforced (extinction)

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5
Q

What is S^Dp?

A

an antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the S^Dp is present, that response will be punished.

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6
Q

What are the 3 terms of the 3-term contingency?

A
  1. Antecedent stimulus
  2. Behavior
  3. Consequence
    IF S^D AND Response –> THEN Reinforcer
    IF S-Delta AND Response –> THEN No Consequence
    IF S^Dp AND Response –> Then Punisher
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7
Q

What is Discrimination Training?

A

A procedure in which an operant response is reinforced in the presence of an S^D and extinguished in the presence of an S-delta

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8
Q

How was discrimination training used on African rats?

A

Rats were trained using discrimination training to detect landmines. The S^D was TNT and the S-delta was dirt

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9
Q

What is generalization?

A

When a novel stimulus resembling the S^D evokes the response, despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that novel stimulus.

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10
Q

What are stimulus-generalization gradients?

A

A graph depicting increases in responding as the novel antecedent stimulus more closely resembles the S^D

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11
Q

What tactics are useful in promoting generalization?

A
  1. Teach behaviors that will contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
  2. Train Diversely
  3. Arrange antecedent stimuli that will cue generalization
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12
Q

What is a stimulus response chain?

A

A fixed sequence of operant responses, each evoked by a response-produced S^D

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13
Q

How is task analysis useful when teaching a stimulus-response chain?

A

They provide a precise specification of the sequence of antecedents, responses and consequences that comprise a stimulus-response chain

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14
Q

How is backward chaining used when teaching a stimulus-response chain?

A

The final link in the stimulus-response chain is taught first and once that link is mastered additional links are added in reverse order

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15
Q

How is forward chaining used when teaching a stimulus-response chain?

A

It involves teaching the links in the stimulus-response chain in the order they will need to be emitted

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16
Q

How is prompting used when teaching a stimulus-response chain?

A

A prompt is an antecedent stimulus that facilitates or guides the desired response when it is not happening under appropriate discriminative-stimulus control

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17
Q

How is fading used when teaching a stimulus-response chain?

A

Fading is the gradual removal of a prompt as the response is increasingly emitted under discriminative-stimulus control

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18
Q

What is choice?

A

Voluntary behavior occurring in a context in which alternative behaviors are possible

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19
Q

What are the four variables that affect choice?

A
  1. Reinforcement vs. No Consequence
  2. Reinforcer Size/Quality
  3. Effort
  4. Reinforcer Delay
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20
Q

What is Herrnstein’s matching equation

A

It is a simple equation that predicted how pigeons chose to allocate their behavior between pecking the left (BL) and right keys (BR). He hypothesized that these choices would be influenced by the reinforcers obtained on the left (RL) and the right (RR) keys
BL/(BL+BR) = RL/(RL+RR)

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21
Q

What do the letters of Herrnstein’s matching equation mean?

A

BL: Pecking the left keys
BR: Pecking the right keys
RL: Reinforcers obtained on the left
RR: Reinforcers obtained on the right

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22
Q

What is on the left and right sides of Herrnstein’s matching equation?

A

The right is the reinforcer and left is the behavior

23
Q

What happens to choice when you manipulate the R1 ad R2 variables

A

You can increase socially desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior

24
Q

What does the matching law have to say about drug abuse and white nationalism?

A

Drug use is not a moral failing, it is the result of a lack of substitute reinforcers

25
Q

How does the matching law apply to human attention?

A

Humans choose to allocate more of their news-gathering activities to biased sources, either liberal or conservative

26
Q

What is a substitute reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer that is increasingly consumed when access to another reinforcer is constrained.

27
Q

Contingency management of substance use disorders

A

There are very few or very weak alternatives non-drug reinforcers to compete with drugs so we need to use alternative non-drug reinforcers

28
Q

What is impulsivity?

A

choosing the smaller-sooner reward and foregoing the larger-later reward

29
Q

What is self-control?

A

Choosing the larger-later reward and foregoing the smaller-sooner reward

30
Q

How does delay discounting underlie impulsive choice and preference reversals?

A
31
Q

What is the shape of the delay-discounting function?

A

hyperbola

32
Q

What choice will the individual make at time T1?

A

The impulsive choice is made

33
Q

What choice will the individual make at time T2?

A

Neither reward is immediately available at T2. The LLR will be preferred at T2

34
Q

What are the findings in Rachlin & Green’s commitment experiment?

A

Pigeons chose between pecking the orange and red keys at T2. The pigeons frequently committed themselves to this course of self-control

35
Q

What is mand?

A

a verbal operant occasioned by an establishing operation and maintained by the verbally specified reinforcer

36
Q

What is tact?

A

A verbal operant occasioned by a nonverbal stimulus and maintained by a variety of social reinforcers

37
Q

What is echoic?

A

A verbal operant in which the response resembles the verbal antecedent stimulus and is maintained with a variety of socially mediated reinforcers

38
Q

What is intraverbal?

A

A verbal response occasioned by a verbal discriminative stimulus but the form of the response does not resemble that stimulus; intraverbals are maintained by a variety of social reinforcers

39
Q

What is symmetric relational responding?

A

The behavior of relating two arbitrary stimuli as, in many ways, the same

40
Q

What role does symmetric relational responding play in human language?

A

It makes verbal behavior verbal

41
Q

What is multiple-exemplar training?

A

Teaching an individual to symmetrically relate arbitrary stimuli over and over again with multiple examples

42
Q

What role does multiple-exemplar training play in learning symmetrical relational responding?

A

It teaches kids through prior training experiences (multiple-exemplar training) that when it comes to verbal behavior, symmetric relational responding is always reinforced

43
Q

What is stimulus equivalence?

A

After explicitly teaching an unidirectional relation between three or more arbitrary stimuli, symmetric relational responding is demonstrated between all stimuli. The individual relates all of the stimuli, in many ways, as equivalent to one another

44
Q

How can verbal stimuli have emotion-evoking psychological functions?

A

The verbal stimuli (words) are equivalent with the actual thing, the words evoke a fear/joy response similar to that evoked by the actual thing

45
Q

What is rule-governed behavior?

A

behavior influenced by a verbal description of the operative three-term contingency

46
Q

What is contingency-shaped behavior?

A

Behavior acquired and maintained by interacting with the contingencies of reinforcement alone

47
Q

What is pliance?

A

Rule-governed behavior occurring because of socially mediated positive or negative reinforcers

48
Q

What is tracking?

A

Rule-following occurring because the instructions appear to correctly describe operant contingencies

49
Q

What is the “dark side of tracking” ?

A

Rules can suppress variability and this leaves behavior unprepared for the inevitable changes in contingencies of reinforcement and punishment

50
Q

What is ACT?

A

Acceptance and commitment therapy that was designed to therapeutically undermine the client’s rules about the causal nature of thoughts

51
Q

How is ACT different from other forms of talk therapies?

A

There is no attempt to try to reduce, change, avoid, suppress or control thoughts. Instead, clients learn to reduce the impact and influence of unwanted thoughts

52
Q

What does acceptance mean in ACT?

A

Approaching the thought, so as to examine it flexibly with a sense of curiosity

53
Q

What does commitment mean in ACT?

A

Accepting thoughts and recognizing that they are not incompatible with behaving in accord with one’s values

54
Q

How are values important in commitment?

A

Values are client-selected qualities of behavior that may be continuously emitted without reaching an end-goal

PSY 1400 (4 decks)

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