Unit 4- dont know Flashcards
Authoritarian government
government with a strong central power, no constitutional accountability, no individual freedoms (Ex. absolute monarchy(Saudi Arabia), dictatorship (North Korea), fascism (Germany)
Self-determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Colonialism
rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate people and place that creates unequal cultural and economic relations
Neocolonialism
form of indirect control through the use of economic/political pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies in which they continue to be exploited
Shatter Belt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,…).
Choke Point
geographical feature (sea OR land) that has significant strategic importance (ex. Straits of Gibraltar, English Channel, Panama Canal, Suez Canal)
Human Territoriality
the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land creating a desire for ownership over a defined space
Irredentism
when a state wants to annex territory whose population is ethnically similar (Ex. Russia annexation of Crimea)
Consequent Boundary
boundary that coincides with cultural groups (religion, language)
i.e. Europe
Subsequent Boundary
boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as cultural
landscape changes (Ex. Northern Ireland and Ireland, Pakistan and India, Sudan and South Sudan)
Superimposed Boundary
boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (e.g. colonizers) and ignores existing cultural
groups (Ex. Israel and Palestine, Yugoslavia, Africa)
Berlin Conference
a meeting (1884-1885) between European nations to divide Africa among them for colonization with the intent of preventing conflict over the process
Decolonization in Africa
the superimposed boundaries of Africa remained in place
after independence, which has led to much of the current
conflict and lack of ability to establish effective leadership
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership/use of oceans/seas and
their resources as developed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Zones under the Law of the Sea
Territorial Sea: zone of water adjacent to a state’s coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty, Contiguous Zone: zone of water adjacent to Territorial Sea (24 miles) in which state can enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): zone of water adjacent to Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which a state has the Right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources international waters (High Seas): ocean beyond the EEZ, in which all states have equal access)
Median-line principle
method used to divide the waters between states that do not have 400 miles between them
Gerrymandering
redistricting that is unfair and gives an advantage to a particular political party by concentrating voting strength
Devolution occurs when…
states fragment into subnational political territorial units (Ex. Spain: Basque/Catalonia, Belgium: Flanders/ Wallonia/Brussels, Canada: Nunavut, Nigeria: Western Region/Eastern Region), as well as when states disintegrate (Ex. Ethiopia/Eritrea, Sudan/South Sudan, East Timor/Indonesia, U.S.S.R. break up, Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
economic alliance to gradually eliminate tariffs and trade barriers
between the U.S., Canada, Mexico
African Union (AU)
political, economic and social alliance aimed at promoting greater unity, cohesion, and efficiency of
African states and reducing the strains of their colonial roots
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
economic alliance aimed at improving development in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Brunei
Arctic Council
alliance aimed at promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among Arctic states, Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on issues of sustainable development and Environmental protection in the Arctic (members: U.S., Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia)
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Why is Supranationalism controversial?
supranationalism can promote mutual benefit, but can also place limits on member states
Can you give examples of nations?
Japanese, German, French, Hmong
Boundary Demarcation
phase in which markers are placed on the ground (signs, walls, fences)
Colonialism in Africa
France and Britain dominated; carved into patchwork of European colonies.
Centrifugal Forces
Forces that tend to divide a country (- ineffective government/institutions/infrastructure (public education, military, justice system, transportation/communication)
- language/religion/ethnicity
- separatist movements
- struggling economy
- peripheral location
- religious extremism)
Result of Centrifugal forces
centrifugal forces can lead to failed states, uneven development, stateless nations, and ethnic nationalist movements
Consequences of unitary vs. federal states
In a unitary system, devolution may occur, and subnational levels of governance may have regional autonomy, but powers are recsided by national government federal systems- regional autonomy is formally protected through the constitution
Voting district
subdivision for electing members to a legislative body
Antecedent Boundary
boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in
place as people moved in (Ex. rain forest between Malaysia and Indonesia, mountains between France & Spain, lakes between U.S. & Canada)
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
