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9th Grade Bio > Unit 4: DNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Unit 4: DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What is the monomer for DNA

A

nucleotide

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3
Q

What is the circle part of a nucleotide

A

phosphate

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4
Q

What makes up the spine of a DNA strand

A

phosphate and sugar

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5
Q

what bonds bases together

A

weak hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

What rule states that if there are 5 adenine there must be 5 thymine?

A

Chargaff’s rule.

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7
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

complementary bases will always bond with eachother and they are equal in quantity

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8
Q

complimentary means?

A

nitrogenous bases that bind together (they fit like 2 puzzle pieces)

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9
Q

compare and contrast the sugar of DNA and RNA

A

DNA:Deoxyribose(no oxygen sugars) RNA: Ribose

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10
Q

mRNA bases

A

adenine+uracil, cytosine+gunaine

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11
Q

DNA bases

A

adenine+ thymine, cytosine+guanine

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12
Q

base pairs

A

2 bases that always bond with eachother

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13
Q

Describe the shape and structure of DNA

A

double helix, the backbones are antiparallel so they are parallel but opposite. hydrogen bonds bind the complimentary bases. Sugar and a phosphate form the backbones.

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14
Q

Location of DNA

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Location of RNA

A

moves from nucleus to cytoplasm in replication

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16
Q

Replication happens in what stage of mitosis?

A

interphase

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17
Q

Describe the chromosomes after replication

A

each cell gets a complete set of chromosomes

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18
Q

1st step in replication

A

Chemical bonds split between base pairs. DNA unzips

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19
Q

2nd step in replication

A

free nucleotide bases pair up with complementary base on DNA stands

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20
Q

3rd step in replication

A

Sugars and phosphates bond between free nucleotides

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21
Q

4th step in replication

A

2 identical strands of DNA (consists of one old strand and one new strand)

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22
Q

semi-conservative definition

A

one half of the strand is old, one Half is new

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23
Q

(transcription)DNA helicase does what in what step and is what type of macromolecule?

A

a protein that unzips DNA (1st step)

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24
Q

(transcription)DNA polymerase does what in what step and what type of macromolecule?

A

An enzyme that adds bases (2nd step)

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25
Q

(transcription)Ligase does what in what step?

A

mRNA is created Ligase rezips DNA molecules (3rd step)

26
Q

(transcription)location of mRNA

A

nucleus to cytoplasm

27
Q

(translation) location of mRNA

28
Q

(translation)steps

A

(1)ribosome attaches to mRNA (2)tRNA with an amino acid tries to attatch to a codon that is complementary to it’s anticodons (3)ribosome slides to the next codon (4) new tRNA bonds with the second codon (5) amino acid from the first tRNA attatches to the new amino acid(tRNA goes to pick up new amino acids when it’s empty) (6)ribosome contintues this process until stop codon ireached to make a squence of amino acids (a protein)

29
Q

Different types of RNA and their purpose in translation

A

mRNA(messenger RNA, created during transcription.) tRNA (carries enzymes that later form proteins) rRNA (aka:ribosome, slides the strand of mRNA every codon so tRNA can make sure the anticodons are complimentary)

30
Q

what is a codon

A

3 bases in mRNA that code 1 enzyme

31
Q

what is an anticodon

A

3 bases in tRNA

32
Q

what is a mutation

A

a mistake in genetic coding

33
Q

what is a mutagen

A

a substance or reason that causes a mutation

34
Q

mutagen examples

A

chemicals, radiation, high temps

35
Q

what mutation is a change in a base pair. One replaces another

A

substitution/ point mutation

36
Q

what is a mutation that inserts or delete a base

A

frame shift mutation

37
Q

main steps of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

38
Q

what is interphase

A

(in between stage of cell division(mitosis))

39
Q

what is prophase

A

the dna forms into chromosomes from it’s original noodle appearance. (nucleus dissolves)

40
Q

what is metaphase

A

the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

41
Q

what is anaphase

A

the chromosomes are being pulled apart

42
Q

what is telophase

A

the chromosomes are carefully placed into the new forming nucleus of each daughter cell

43
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

splitting cells from eachother at the end

44
Q

what type of cells do mitosis create

A

body (somatic)

45
Q

what is in common in parent cells and daughter cells in mitosis

A

everything, they’re identical

46
Q

what is a chromosome

A

condensed DNA

47
Q

how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell

A

the same amount as the parent cell

48
Q

what are the reasons for mitosis

A

growth and repair

49
Q

what type of reproduction is mitosis

50
Q

what is the center of a chromosome called

A

centromere

51
Q

what is a chromosome before DNA replication called?

52
Q

what is a chromosome after DNA replication called

53
Q

What are the phases of interphase and what do they do?

A

G1 (cell growth) S (DNA replication) G2 (Preparation for mitosis)

54
Q

what stage does DNA start dissolving in mitosis

55
Q

what stage does DNA start reforming in mitosis

56
Q

what is surface area in a cell

A

cell membrane

57
Q

what is volume in a cell

58
Q

what size of a cell is most efficient at homeostasis? why?

A

small, waste and nutrients are faster at leaving and entering the cell because there is less distance

59
Q

what becomes larger as cell size increases

A

volume becomes larger than surface area

60
Q

what size of cube has a larger surface are to volume ratio?

61
Q

is a high or low surface are to volume ratio more efficient in homeostasis?

A

high. (6:1>8:1)

9th Grade Bio (5 decks)

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