Unit 4: DNA and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What does DNA stand for

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 2

What is the monomer for DNA

Answer 2

nucleotide

Question 3

What is the circle part of a nucleotide

Answer 3

phosphate

Question 4

What makes up the spine of a DNA strand

Answer 4

phosphate and sugar

Question 5

what bonds bases together

Answer 5

weak hydrogen bonds

Question 6

What rule states that if there are 5 adenine there must be 5 thymine?

Answer 6

Chargaff’s rule.

Question 7

Chargaff’s rule

Answer 7

complementary bases will always bond with eachother and they are equal in quantity

Question 8

complimentary means?

Answer 8

nitrogenous bases that bind together (they fit like 2 puzzle pieces)

Question 9

compare and contrast the sugar of DNA and RNA

Answer 9

DNA:Deoxyribose(no oxygen sugars) RNA: Ribose

Question 10

mRNA bases

Answer 10

adenine+uracil, cytosine+gunaine

Question 11

DNA bases

Answer 11

adenine+ thymine, cytosine+guanine

Question 12

base pairs

Answer 12

2 bases that always bond with eachother

Question 13

Describe the shape and structure of DNA

Answer 13

double helix, the backbones are antiparallel so they are parallel but opposite. hydrogen bonds bind the complimentary bases. Sugar and a phosphate form the backbones.

Question 14

Location of DNA

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

Location of RNA

Answer 15

moves from nucleus to cytoplasm in replication

Question 16

Replication happens in what stage of mitosis?

Answer 16

interphase

Question 17

Describe the chromosomes after replication

Answer 17

each cell gets a complete set of chromosomes

Question 18

1st step in replication

Answer 18

Chemical bonds split between base pairs. DNA unzips

Question 19

2nd step in replication

Answer 19

free nucleotide bases pair up with complementary base on DNA stands

Question 20

3rd step in replication

Answer 20

Sugars and phosphates bond between free nucleotides

Question 21

4th step in replication

Answer 21

2 identical strands of DNA (consists of one old strand and one new strand)

Question 22

semi-conservative definition

Answer 22

one half of the strand is old, one Half is new

Question 23

(transcription)DNA helicase does what in what step and is what type of macromolecule?

Answer 23

a protein that unzips DNA (1st step)

Question 24

(transcription)DNA polymerase does what in what step and what type of macromolecule?

Answer 24

An enzyme that adds bases (2nd step)

Question 25

(transcription)Ligase does what in what step?

Answer 25

mRNA is created Ligase rezips DNA molecules (3rd step)

Question 26

(transcription)location of mRNA

Answer 26

nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 27

(translation) location of mRNA

Answer 27

ribosome

Question 28

(translation)steps

Answer 28

(1)ribosome attaches to mRNA (2)tRNA with an amino acid tries to attatch to a codon that is complementary to it's anticodons (3)ribosome slides to the next codon (4) new tRNA bonds with the second codon (5) amino acid from the first tRNA attatches to the new amino acid(tRNA goes to pick up new amino acids when it's empty) (6)ribosome contintues this process until stop codon ireached to make a squence of amino acids (a protein)

Question 29

Different types of RNA and their purpose in translation

Answer 29

mRNA(messenger RNA, created during transcription.) tRNA (carries enzymes that later form proteins) rRNA (aka:ribosome, slides the strand of mRNA every codon so tRNA can make sure the anticodons are complimentary)

Question 30

what is a codon

Answer 30

3 bases in mRNA that code 1 enzyme

Question 31

what is an anticodon

Answer 31

3 bases in tRNA

Question 32

what is a mutation

Answer 32

a mistake in genetic coding

Question 33

what is a mutagen

Answer 33

a substance or reason that causes a mutation

Question 34

mutagen examples

Answer 34

chemicals, radiation, high temps

Question 35

what mutation is a change in a base pair. One replaces another

Answer 35

substitution/ point mutation

Question 36

what is a mutation that inserts or delete a base

Answer 36

frame shift mutation

Question 37

main steps of mitosis

Answer 37

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 38

what is interphase

Answer 38

(in between stage of cell division(mitosis))

Question 39

what is prophase

Answer 39

the dna forms into chromosomes from it's original noodle appearance. (nucleus dissolves)

Question 40

what is metaphase

Answer 40

the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Question 41

what is anaphase

Answer 41

the chromosomes are being pulled apart

Question 42

what is telophase

Answer 42

the chromosomes are carefully placed into the new forming nucleus of each daughter cell

Question 43

what is cytokinesis

Answer 43

splitting cells from eachother at the end

Question 44

what type of cells do mitosis create

Answer 44

body (somatic)

Question 45

what is in common in parent cells and daughter cells in mitosis

Answer 45

everything, they're identical

Question 46

what is a chromosome

Answer 46

condensed DNA

Question 47

how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell

Answer 47

the same amount as the parent cell

Question 48

what are the reasons for mitosis

Answer 48

growth and repair

Question 49

what type of reproduction is mitosis

Answer 49

asexual

Question 50

what is the center of a chromosome called

Answer 50

centromere

Question 51

what is a chromosome before DNA replication called?

Answer 51

haploid

Question 52

what is a chromosome after DNA replication called

Answer 52

diploid

Question 53

What are the phases of interphase and what do they do?

Answer 53

G1 (cell growth) S (DNA replication) G2 (Preparation for mitosis)

Question 54

what stage does DNA start dissolving in mitosis

Answer 54

prophase

Question 55

what stage does DNA start reforming in mitosis

Answer 55

telophase

Question 56

what is surface area in a cell

Answer 56

cell membrane

Question 57

what is volume in a cell

Answer 57

cytoplasm

Question 58

what size of a cell is most efficient at homeostasis? why?

Answer 58

small, waste and nutrients are faster at leaving and entering the cell because there is less distance

Question 59

what becomes larger as cell size increases

Answer 59

volume becomes larger than surface area

Question 60

what size of cube has a larger surface are to volume ratio?

Answer 60

small

Question 61

is a high or low surface are to volume ratio more efficient in homeostasis?

Answer 61

high. (6:1>8:1)