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BIO-101 UNIT 4 > UNIT 4 DAY 6 - OUR CLOSEST RELATIONS > Flashcards

UNIT 4 DAY 6 - OUR CLOSEST RELATIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

primates with mammals have

A
  • large brains
  • stereoscopic vision
  • grasping hands and feet
  • nails instead of claws
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2
Q

lemurs

A

sister group of all other primates

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3
Q

New world monkeys

A
  • prehensile tail
  • nostrils open sideways
  • occurs in central and south america
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4
Q

Old World Monkey

A
  • possess a third colour receptor
  • nostrils that open downwards
  • occur in Africa, Asia and Europe
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5
Q

Apes

A
  • old world monkeys have lost their tail
  • have largest brain seen in primates
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6
Q

Orangutangs

A
  • comprise 2 species in genus pongo
  • more aboreal and less social than gorillas and chimps
  • sexually dimorphic –> different sexes on same species present different characteristics
  • found in Borneo and Sumatra
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7
Q

Gorilla

A
  • compromise 2 species in genus Gorilla
  • largest of apes, fully terrestrial
  • forests in central africa
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8
Q

Chimpanzees

A
  • 2 species in genus pan
  • sister group of humans –> based on morphological and DNA data
  • chimps are knuckle-walkers, and only facultatively bipedal, whereas humans are fully bipedal
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9
Q

Humans

A
  • sister group of chimps
  • 1 extant species, homo sapiens
  • homo sapiens found on all continents, invasive species for excellence
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10
Q

ways skeleton of human adapted to bipedalism

A
  1. human spine exists from bottom, ape spine from rear of skull
  2. human spine s-shaped, ape spine is slightly curved
  3. human pelvis is bowl-shaped, ape pelvis is longer and more narrow
  4. human femur angle inward towards knees, ape femur angles out a bit
  5. human knees support more weight than ape knees
  6. human foot has an arch, ape foot lacks an arch
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11
Q

Ardipithecus group: Orrorin Tugenensis

A
  • Eastern Africa
  • 6.2-5.8 million years ago
  • small teeth, upper femur, small canine teeth
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12
Q

Australopithecus group: Australopithecus aforensis

A
  • “lucy’s species”
  • Eastern Africa
  • 3.85-2.95 million years ago
  • ape and human-like characteristics
  • plant based diet
  • bipedal, chimp-like structure, flat nose, no chin with human like teeth, jaw between ape and human
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13
Q

Homo group: homo hablis

A
  • Eastern and Southern Africa
  • 2.4 million to 1.4 million years ago
  • primitive face, small teeth, human shaped brain
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14
Q

Homo group: homo erectus

A
  • North, East and South Africa
  • West Asia
  • 1.89 to 110,000 years ago
  • jaws still protrudes, no chin, thick brow ridges, small forehead, large brain, excellent walkers
  • first to leave Africa
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15
Q

Homo group: homo heidelbergensis

A
  • Europe, Asia, Africa (East and South)
  • 700,000 to 200,000 years ago
  • intermediate between erectus and human thickness of bones, size of teeth, receding foreheads and chins
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16
Q

Homo group: homo neanderthalensis

A
  • Europe, SW to C Asia
  • 400,000 - 40,000 years ago
  • mid facial area protrudes, long low brain case, thick and strong
17
Q

Homo group: homo sapiens

A
  • Africa, now worldwide
  • 300,000 years ago to present
  • forehead rise sharply, small or non-existent brow ridges, prominent chin, thin skeleton
18
Q

Six Cranial Capacity in order from smallest to largest

A
  • Pan troglodytes (chimps)
  • Australopithecus Afarensis
  • Homo Habilis
  • Homo Erectus
  • Homo heidelbergensis
  • Homo sapiens
  • Homo neanderthalensis
19
Q

Zimmer (2004) –> running and humans

A
  • key innovation in human evolution
  • exquisitely adapted for endurance running
  • emerged 2 million years ago –> allowing ancestors to become better scavengers
20
Q

Anatomical features

A
  • nuchal ligament: stretches from base of human skull to base of neck
  • special arrangement of tendons in legs (achilles tendon): acts like springs, conserves and releases energy
  • large rear end (gluteus maximus): muscles contract during running not walking, stabilise trunk
21
Q

Which hominid species first show these features and when?

A
  • 2 million years ago
  • Homo
22
Q

why is running advantageous

A
  • allow them to become better scavengers –> find more food
  • can get more protein and fat –> running fuelled evolution of big hominid brains
23
Q

Laetoli footprints

A
  • found in Africa, evidence that Australopithecus afarensis was bipedal
24
Q

homo neanderthalensis showed physical adaptations to the cold

A
  • a short, stocky body and a big nose

BIO-101 UNIT 4 (7 decks)

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