Unit 4- continued

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

A person’s broad, long lasting patterns of behavior. Personality can be defined as the unique attitudes behaviors and emotions that characterizes a person.

Question 2

Personality traits

Answer 2

Idea that personalities can be described by specifying a person’s main characteristics/traits.
The characteristics motivate behaviors that keep in line with the trait.

Question 3

Cardinal traits

Answer 3

One trait is so strong, it is pivotal in all you do.

Question 4

Central traits

Answer 4

Traits you will apply in most situations.

These traits have a larger influence on your personality and are more apparent.

Question 5

Secondary traits

Answer 5

Weakest characteristics you exhibit

Question 6

Surface traits

Answer 6

behaviors a person engages in on a regular basis (ex: is nice to all people)

Question 7

Source traits

Answer 7

personality traits which drives the surface traits (ex: believes all people deserve to be treated with respect)

Question 8

Extraversion

Answer 8

People fall into a scale

Question 9

Emotional Stability

Answer 9

How much a person is affected by their feelings/consistency of mood

Question 10

Sigmund Freud

Answer 10

Psychosexual stage theory.
Believes personality is set within the first 5 or 6 years of your life and is shaped by family, the conflicts your subconscious has and your sexual development (urges and needs)
Id, Ego, Superego
Id: Basic needs, drives, impulses: self gratification
Super Ego: Conscience: socially appropriate/hyper responsible
Ego: Our self which mediates between id and super ego- does what is necessary to protect their conscious mind

Question 11

Carl Jung

Answer 11

Doubts Freud’s beliefs and pushes the idea that the unconscious is a mix of mystical and religious beliefs that controls our behavior
Instead of being guided by the unconscious, we are controlled by beliefs that we inherit as a society—what beliefs our society pushes will help form the attitudes we as people hold

Question 12

Karen Horney

Answer 12

believes humans feel helpless, anxious and list in life around the issues of getting love
A person who does now receive love will always be anxious and afraid
Need social interaction for development

Question 13

Alfred Adler

Answer 13

believes that biggest problem people face is trying to feel important and worthwhile to people
People will constantly struggle to make themselves look better which will then dominate and control their life

Question 14

Erik Erikson

Answer 14

Believes life is set up into 8 stages and in each of these 8 stages, social interaction will shape personality

Question 15

John Watson

Answer 15

Little Albert and Emotional Conditioning

Question 16

B.F. Skinner

Answer 16

Reinforcements

Question 17

Albert Bandura

Answer 17

Bobo Doll experiment

Question 18

Carl Rodgers

Answer 18

Believes we try to live up to our “ideal self” – get close to perfection

Question 19

Abraham Maslow

Answer 19

Hierarchy of needs
Believed that people are innately good and require things from their interactions with others.
People need unconditional positive regard: “blanket acceptance” – always feel loved and accepted.
Once needs are met at the bottom of the list, they move forward

Question 20

Gordon Alport

Answer 20

3 categories of traits
Cardinal traits: One trait is so strong, it is pivotal in all you do.
Central traits: Traits you will apply in most situations.
These traits have a larger influence on your personality and are more apparent.
Secondary traits: Weakest characteristics you exhibit

Question 21

Raymond Cattell

Answer 21

believes in 2 categories:
Surface traits: behaviors a person engages in on a regular basis (ex: is nice to all people)
Source traits: personality traits which drives the surface traits (ex: believes all people deserve to be treated with respect)

Question 22

Hans Eysenck

Answer 22

believes in 2 dimensions which describes peoples personalities
Extraversion: People fall into a scale
Emotional Stability: How much a person is affected by their feelings/consistency of mood

Question 23

George Kelley

Answer 23

Personal Construct Theory
People in their attempts to understand the world develop their own social constructs (pairs of opposites – smart and dumb/fair and unfair)
Behavior is based on how people interpret the world.
Personal behavior is influenced by their cognitions and that by knowing how people behaved in the past, we can predict how they will act in the future.

Question 24

Extroverting

Answer 24

E: Is energized by the external world

Question 25

Introverting

Answer 25

I: Is energized by their internal world

Question 26

Sensing

Answer 26

S: Focuses on facts and reality

Question 27

Intuiting

Answer 27

N: Decides according to objectives, logical principles

Question 28

Thinking

Answer 28

T: Makes objective, impersonal decisions

Question 29

Feeling

Answer 29

F: Decides according to personal values

Question 30

Judging

Answer 30

J: Wants things settled and decided

Question 31

Perceiving

Answer 31

P: Wants things left open and flexible

Question 32

SJ

Answer 32

SJs are motivated by a need to be responsible in whatever social group they are in, whether it be the family, the workplace or the community. They value tradition.
How to deal with an SJ: express regret if you’ve done something wrong, appreciate their thoroughness, loyalty, and willingness to take responsibility and handle practical details, try to have things run smoothly, honor your commitments, don’t take advantage of them, respect their sense of tradition and social order, be specific and practical, don’t force them into new ways of doing things
Tips for SJs: Avoid getting stuck in a rut, beware of taking too much control, remember there is more than one right way to live, be tolerant of new ideas and theories, don’t rule out ideas because you think they are unrealistic, enjoy the moment, try to be spontaneous, learn to ask for help and delegate work

Question 33

SP

Answer 33

SPs are motivated by a need for freedom and need to act. They value living in the moment.
How to deal with an SP: Appreciate their enthusiasm, optimism, common sense, realism and ability to deal with a crisis, join them in their adventures, give them freedom, when giving them a request give them choices and alternatives, don’t try to change them or tell them what to do, avoid over analyzing/processing of feelings, don’t overwhelm them
Tips for SPs: Develop persistence and follow through, beware of your tendency to make short cuts, finish what you start, avoid making quick decisions, spend time considering what is important to you, know your goals/priorities, beware of your tendency to distract yourself to avoid problems, remember the promises you made, deal with all problems, learn to enjoy deeper and quieter aspects in life, not just the highs and excitement

Question 34

NT

Answer 34

NTs are motivated by a need for knowledge and competency. They value the theoretical and powers of the mind.
How to deal with an NT: Respect their need for independence and autonomy, develop your own interests/don’t rely on them for all of your companionship, don’t smother or be overly dependent, when communicating try not to overwhelm them with your feelings, don’t take their remarks personally
Tips for NTs: Make time for loved ones, don’t take them for granted, learn to listen, avoid overanalyzing, being overly critical- sometime people just want to be heard, not have their problems solved, learn to express your emotional side, notice the effect your behavior has on people, when people react defensively or withdraw from you, you are intimidating them

Question 35

NF

Answer 35

NFs are motivated by a need to understand themselves and others. They value authenticity and integrity and strive for an ideal world.
How to deal with a NF: They enjoy romance and attention, appreciate them, reassure them if they say no, you will not reject them or be angry with them, be tactful when offering feedback (they are sensitive to disapproval, rejection, sarcasm, teasing), encourage them to follow their pursuits and to put their work out in the world, be understanding and patient about their need to process and express their feelings, don’t judge them for their changing moods
Tips for NFs: look for work that fits your ideals and interests, make sure it allows you to express yourself, avoid taking every comment personally, remember people are human and are a mix of good and bad, don’t let your expectations be too unrealistic, be aware of blaming others or finding fault with them when they don’t meet your expectations, avoid being overly involved in other peoples lives, don’t project you ideal qualities onto others, discern between what is actually communicated, not just what is in between the lines, set realistic goals so you don’t feel frustrated or disappointed when you don’t accomplish what you hoped for, wallowing in guilt is a waste of time

Question 36

Psychoanalytical Theory of personality

Answer 36

Assumption that we develop and behave from impulses or needs that are unknown to us/hidden forces
Oedipus Crisis: Boys sexually desire their mother and view their fathers as rivals for her love
Electra crisis: Girls desire their fathers and view their mother as a rival for their father love.
Kid has a traumatic toilet training:
Anal expulsive personality: person is messy and disorganized
Anal retentive: meticulously neat, hyper organized, and a bit compulsive
Fixation in the Phallic Stage (ages 3-5) can lead to being hyper sexually aggressive or filled with sexual inadequacies
Ego creates defense mechanisms:
Repression: blocking thoughts from conscious awareness
Denial: Non acceptance of the truth
Displacement: Redirecting ones feelings toward another person or object- especially one that is less threatening
Projection: believing that the feelings one truly has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself
Reaction Formation: expressing he opposite of how one truly feels
Regression: returning to a earlier comforting form of behavior
Rationalization: coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence
Intellectualization: undertaking a academic, unemotional study of a topic
Sublimation: Channeling frustration towards a goal
Instincts: Eros (life) and Thanatos (death). Libido is the energy that drives life instincts.

Carl Jung: Doubts Freud’s beliefs and pushes the idea that the unconscious is a mix of mystical and religious beliefs that controls our behavior
Instead of being guided by the unconscious, we are controlled by beliefs that we inherit as a society—what beliefs our society pushes will help form the attitudes we as people hold

Question 37

Social Psychoanalytical Theory of personality

Answer 37

Social Psychoanalytical: Unconscious mind and social learning shapes personality

Karen Horney: believes humans feel helpless, anxious and list in life around the issues of getting love
A person who does now receive love will always be anxious and afraid
Need social interaction for development

Alfred Adler: believes that biggest problem people face is trying to feel important and worthwhile to people
People will constantly struggle to make themselves look better which will then dominate and control their life
Erik Erikson: Believes life is set up into 8 stages and in each of these 8 stages, social interaction will shape personality

George Kelly: Personal Construct Theory
People in their attempts to understand the world develop their own social constructs (pairs of opposites – smart and dumb/fair and unfair)
Behavior is based on how people interpret the world.
Personal behavior is influenced by their cognitions and that by knowing how people behaved in the past, we can predict how they will act in the future.

Question 38

Behaviorism theory of personality

Answer 38

Behaviorism: Personality has nothing to do with the unconscious, but focuses on stimulus/response, rewards/punishments and social behaviorism
How you were taught/trained in your environment

John B Watson: Little Albert and Emotional Conditioning

B.F. Skinner: Reinforcements

Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll experiment

Question 39

Humanistic theory of personality

Answer 39

Humanistic: Emphasizes that a person has positive potential and good qualities
This theory makes it hard to explain why people commit terrible acts.

Carl Rogers: Believes we try to live up to our “ideal self” – get close to perfection

Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs
Believed that people are innately good and require things from their interactions with others.
People need unconditional positive regard: “blanket acceptance” – always feel loved and accepted.
Once needs are met at the bottom of the list, they move forward

Both Rodgers and Maslow believed in Self Actualization: idea that people are motivated to reach their full potential

Question 40

Biological Theory of personality

Answer 40

Biological theories: Genes, chemicals, neurotransmitters, lobe development determine who a person is

Often debatable. Some traits can be traced (physical ones: height) but what of others like intelligence or temperament?

Nature vs. Nurture

Question 41

The Big 5

Answer 41

Extraversion: how you are energized
Agreeableness: how easy is it to get along with someone
Conscientiousness: how hardworking, organized and responsible a person is
Openness to Experience: creativity, curiosity and wiliness to try new things
Emotional stability: consistency of mood