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Honors Bio Spring > Unit 4 Concepts - Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Unit 4 Concepts - Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Before a cell becomes too large it…

A

divides into 2 daughter cells; each an exact replica of the parent cell

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2
Q

Before a cell divides what is replicated?

A

DNA

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3
Q

Cell death is necessary for?

A

normal development of cells AND
maintaining regular functions and activities

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4
Q

As a tadpole changes into a frog, the cells in the tadpole tail are signaled to undergo…

A

Apoptosis; involved in metamorphosis
🐸🐸🐸🐸🐸🐸🐸🐸🐸🐸🐸🐸

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5
Q

Parts of a Cell Cycle:
Label the Diagram

A

See Diagram

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6
Q

What is the longest part of the cell cycle that requires 90% of the time?

A

Interphase

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7
Q

What is the first stage in Interphase?

A

G1 - Cells increase and size and to whever the cell is designed to do

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8
Q

What is the 2nd stage of Interphase?

A

S: Synthesis - In this phase DNA is replicated

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9
Q

What is the 3rd stage of Interphase?

A

G2: Gains more energy: sythesis of organelles to prepare for division

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10
Q

What are the two stages of cell division?

A

mitosis = nuclear division AND
cytokinesis = cytoplasm division

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11
Q

mitosis is what kind of cell division

A

nuclear division

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12
Q

cytokinesis is what kind of cell division

A

cytoplasm division

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13
Q

What three things parts of a chromosone?

A

chromatin, chromatid, centromere

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14
Q

chromatin

A

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around the protiens

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15
Q

chromatid

A

one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosone

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16
Q

centromere

A

an area where the chromatids are attached to one another

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17
Q

Label the parts of the chromosone

A

First Blank: telomere
Second Blank: centromere
Entire Structure: sister chromotid

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18
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis or PMAT?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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19
Q

What do the stages of mitosis ensure?

A

They ensure that each new cell has the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

20
Q

Is mitosis a continuous process?

A

yes

21
Q

In prophase, DNA becomes the visible form of what?

A

chromosones

22
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope in prophase?

A

it disappears

23
Q

What happens to centrioles during prophase?

A

They move to the opposite side.

24
Q

What happens to spinal fibers during prophase?

A

They are sent out and attache to centromeres.

25
Q

What do spindle fibers to:

A

They extend from centrioles (at opposite sides of the cell) to centromeres (regions of the chromosomes)

26
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

27
Q

What happens to centromeres during the anaphase?

A

The centromeres split

28
Q

What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase?

A

During anaphase sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite pole by spindle fibers.

29
Q

What is the final result of anaphase?

A

Each side of the cell has a set of chromosomes identical to the parent cell.

30
Q

What are the three stages of telophase

A

A: Chromosomes begin to disperse into a chromatin (tangled form of DNA)
B: Nuclear envelope reforms around each cluster of chromosomes.
C: Spindle fibers begin to break apart.

31
Q

What major event takes place during prophase?

A

nuclear envelop disappears and chromosome become visible.

32
Q

What major event takes place during metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

33
Q

What major event takes place during anaphase?

A

sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite ends of the cell

34
Q

What major events takes place during telophase?

A

chromosomes begin to disperse into chromatin , nuclear envelope reforms and spindle fibers break apart

35
Q

What major events take place in interphase?

A

DNA is in unraveled chromatin form that is no longer visible. Cell undergoes grown, replicates and gets organelles ready for mitosis.

36
Q

Why do cells have to undergo DNA replication BEFORE mitosis?

A

each daughter cell needs a copy of the genetic material

37
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cell cycle?

A

interphase and M-phase

38
Q

What is the “Hayflick” limit?

A

There is a limit to the number of times a cell can divide; about 50. A cell undergoes apoptosis when the telomere is no longer present.

39
Q

What is the process called when a cell divides into 2 cells?

A

Cytokinesis

40
Q

Cytokinesis occurs at the same time as

A

telophase

41
Q

What happens in animal cytocinesis?

A

The cell membrane pinches in the middle and the the cytoplasm is divided in nearly two equal parts.

42
Q

What happens in plant cytokinesis?

A

A cell wall forms in the middle of the cell.

43
Q

What is a cyclin?

A

A protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle.

44
Q

What are the internal regulators during cell growth?

A

Proteins that respond to events inside the cell.

Example: make sure all chromosomes have been replicated; make sure all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fiber before entering anaphase.

45
Q

What are the external regulators during cell growth?

A

Proteins that respond to events outside the cell, such as wound healing.

46
Q

When a cell loses the ability to control it’s own growth what happens?

A

The cells reproduce too rapidly become a form of cancer. Masses called tumors develop.

47
Q

What gene halts the cell cycle until chromosomes have been properly replicated?

A

p53 gene

Honors Bio Spring (3 decks)

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