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Honors Bio Spring > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

A

to carry genetic information and dictate the process of protein synthesis

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2
Q

Make a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting DNA and RNA:

Watch Video:

https://www.google.com/search?q=venn+diagram+of+dna+and+rna&rlz=1C5GCEM_enUS1012US1013&oq=venn+diag&aqs=chrome.2.0i67i433i650j69i57j0i67i650j0i67i433i650l3j0i67i650j0i67i433i650j0i512l2.3236j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#kpvalbx=_755iZKbzOJuLur8P56ej4A8_30

A
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3
Q

What are 3 types of RNA? And their function?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA): it provides the template for protein synthesis during translation

tRNA (transfer RNA): it brings amino acids and reads the genetic code during translation

rRNA (ribosomal RNA): it plays a structural and catalytic role during translation.

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4
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

mRNA or Messenger RNA code for translation

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5
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

rRNA or ribosomal RNA forms parts of ribosome

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6
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

tRNA or transfer RNA brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make growing protein

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7
Q

A codon is located on what type of RNA?

A

mRNA

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8
Q

What is a codon?

A

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.

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9
Q

An anticodon is located on what type of RNA?

A

transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule:

An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a
transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence.

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10
Q

What type of RNA is copied from DNA?

A

messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules

The majority of genes carried in a cell’s DNA specify the amino acid sequence of proteins; the RNA molecules that are copied from these genes (which ultimately direct the synthesis of proteins) are called messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.

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11
Q

Describe the role of RNA polymerase in protein synthesis.

A

RNA Polymerase is an important protein that plays a vital role in the body. It helps to copy genetic information into mRNA, which becomes protein

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12
Q

Why is mRNA referred to as the messenger?

A

because they carry instructions for producing proteins from one part of the cell to another

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13
Q

Describe why the structure of mRNA suits its function (the structure and function of mRNA must be in your description)

A
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14
Q

What determines the sequence of RNA nucleotides in the mRNA molecule?

A

the match between the DNA code and the incoming nucleotides

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15
Q

The product of transcription is …

A

RNA

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16
Q

What part of the DNA molecule is being used in transcription?

A

the promoter

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17
Q

Transcription of a gene takes place in what three stages

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

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18
Q

What are genes?

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.

Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.

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19
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

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20
Q

What are introns?

A

Introns, non-functional segments of RNA are snipped out of chain

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21
Q

What are exons?

A

Exons, segments of RNA that are are expressed into proteins are then rejoined by an enzyme

22
Q

Why are introns spliced out of new made mRNA?

A

in order for the mRNA to encode a protein with the right sequence

If the spliceosome fails to remove an intron, an mRNA with extra “junk” in it will be made, and a wrong protein will get produced during translation.

23
Q

Why are exons kept?

A

they contain information for making a protein

24
Q

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

A

Three

A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid or signaling the termination of protein synthesis (stop signals).

25
Q

What happens during translation?

A

Proteins are made using the information stored in the mRNA sequence.

The mRNA attaches to a structure called a ribosome that can read the genetic information.

26
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm

27
Q

What makes up a ribosome? Where are they found in the cell?

A

RNA and protein - it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

They are located in the cytoplasm.

28
Q

What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?

A

translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence

29
Q

How is translation initiated on the ribosome?

A

when a ribosome docks on a start codon of an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm

30
Q

What is tRNA and what is its role in transLation?

A

Transfer RNA - carries free-floating amino acids in cytoplasm to ribosome

31
Q

If the anticodon is AUA a) what is its complementary codon? b) What amino acid is this tRNA carrying?

A
32
Q

How does the ribosome know when to release the newly formed protein?

A

When the ribosome encounters a stop codon

33
Q

What happens to the protein once it is released from the ribosome?

A

It is transported to the cytoplasm.

34
Q

How is the sequence of amino acids determined?

A

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the amino acid sequence of a protein.

It is determined by the genetic code.

35
Q

What is another name for a polypeptide?

A

protein

36
Q

What is it make up of?

A

amino acid

37
Q

Describe the role of RNA polymerase in protein synthesis.

A

RNA acts as messenger between nucleus and cytoplasm.

38
Q

How would a mutation in DNA affect the production of a protein?

A

a mutation can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all

39
Q

Explain how a point mutation occurs?

A

when one nucleotide is substituted for another

40
Q

How could the proper protein be made even with a point mutation?

A

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

41
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

42
Q

How does it affect the final protein?

A

the addition of the wrong amino acids to the protein and/or the creation of a codon that stops the protein from growing longer

43
Q

Why are insertion and deletion mutations called frameshift mutations?

A

Because they change the frame in which the genetic information is read.

44
Q

Explain why gene expression needs to be regulated in living organism.

A

Because cells are specialized in multicellular organisms, only certain genes are expressed in each type of cell.

45
Q

Why are genes turned on and off?

A

Because not all genes need to produce protein all the time, for example … lactose

46
Q

How does gene regulation compare for prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes?

A
47
Q

What is the repressor protein’s role in gene regulation?

A

sits on the operator site blocking the promoter site … unless the function is necessary i.e. lactose

48
Q

How does lac operon enable a bacterium to build the proteins needed to metabolize lactose when it is present?

A
49
Q

What is a codon?

A

3-Base Sequence of Nitrogenous Bases in Row on mRNA only

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

50
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3-Base Sequence of Nitrogenous Bases in Row on tRNA only

Honors Bio Spring (3 decks)

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