Unit 4 Chapter 8: Structure and physical properties of organic compounds

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

The study of carbon-based compounds

Question 2

Saturated molecule

Answer 2

Contains only single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 3

Unsaturated molecule

Answer 3

Contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds

Question 4

Functional group

Answer 4

Atom of group of atoms that gives a characteristic set of chemical properties to a molecule containing those atoms

Question 5

Alkane

Answer 5

single bond

C – C

Question 6

Alkene

Answer 6

double bond

C = C

Question 7

Alkyne

Answer 7

C-triple bond-C

Question 8

Haloalkane

Answer 8

halogen
R – X

(X = F, Cl, Br, I)

Question 9

Amine

Answer 9

amino

R – NH2

Question 10

Aldehyde

Answer 10

carbonyl attached to a hydrogen atom
O
II
R - C - H

Question 11

Ketone

Answer 11

carbonyl attached to carbon atoms on both sides
O
II
R - C - R’

Question 12

Alcohol

Answer 12

hydroxyl

R – OH

Question 13

Carboxylic acid

Answer 13

carboxyl
O
II
R - C - OH

Question 14

Ester

Answer 14

carboxylate
O
II
R - C - O - R’

Question 15

Amide

Answer 15

carboxamide
O
II
R - C - NH2

Question 16

Nitrile

Answer 16

nitrile

R - C -triple bond- N

Question 17

Hydrocarbon

Answer 17

compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

Question 18

Homologous series

Answer 18

members of a homologous series have one more CH2 unit that the previous member and have similar structure and chemical properties

Question 19

Cyclohexane

Answer 19

saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon (C6H12)

Question 20

Benzene

Answer 20

• unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon (C6H6)

- Electrons in the double bond in benzene are delocalised and shared across the six carbon atoms

Question 21

Molecular formula

Answer 21

number and type of atoms of each element e.g., C6H14

Question 22

Structural formula

Answer 22

drawn-out, visual representation of bonds

Question 23

Condensed structural formula

Answer 23

structure without drawing each bond e.g., CH3(CH2)4CH3

Question 24

Alkane (3)

Answer 24

• Only single carbon-carbon bonds
• Tetrahedral shape around each C atom
• CnH2n+2 (general formula)

Question 25

Alkene (3)

Answer 25

• At least one carbon-carbon double bond
• Trigonal planar shape around each C atom in the double bond
• CnH2n (general formula)

Question 26

Alkyne (3)

Answer 26

• At least one carbon-carbon triple bond
• Linear shape around each C atom in the triple bond
• CnH2n-2 (general formula)

Question 27

Steps for naming hydrocarbons (6)

Answer 27

1. Identify longest continuous carbon chain containing functional group to determine the name e.g., meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent- etc.
2. Number the carbons to indicate the position of the functional group e.g., pent-2-ene
3. Name each alkyl side chain and identify which number carbon this is attached to e.g., 4-methylpent-2-ene
4. If more than one identical side chains, use prefix di-, tri-, etc. and indicate which carbon these chains are attached to, separating numbers with commas e.g., 3,4-dimethylethane
5. List alkyl side chains in alphabetical order
6. Use hyphens to separate numbers from letters and separate number with commas