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Environmental Studies AQA A2 > Unit 4 Chapter 13 - Agriculture > Flashcards

Unit 4 Chapter 13 - Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Physical factors such as light, temperature and water

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2
Q

Agroecosystem

A

The living organisms, physical processes and their interactions in a farming system

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3
Q

Anabolic steroid hormone

A

A female or male hormone used to increase livestock gross growth efficiency

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4
Q

Artificial insemination

A

A form of selective breeding where semen is collected from a chosen male and is inserted artificially into the chosen female to cause her to become pregnant.

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Production of new organisms using the genetic material from a single individual. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent

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6
Q

Aspect

A

The direction something faces in terms of sunlight

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7
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that can capture light or chemical energy from the environment to make high-energy substances such as carbohydrates. They include photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

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8
Q

Auxins

A

A group of plant hormones

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9
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

The increase in concentration of a substance in living tissue

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10
Q

Biomagnification

A

The progressive bioaccumulation of a material along a food chain

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11
Q

Biota

A

Living organisms

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12
Q

Biotic factors

A

Biological factors such as food, predation and disease.

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13
Q

BST

A

Bovine Somatotropin - an animal hormone used to stimulate milk production

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14
Q

Carnivore

A

An organism that gains its food energy from eating other heterotrophs

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15
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The greatest population that can be supported sustainably in an area.

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16
Q

Cellulase

A

An enzyme that can digest the carbohydrate cellulose

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17
Q

Cellulose

A

The complex carbohydrate that forms much leaf and wood material

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18
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

An autotroph that gains its energy from chemicals such as nitrites and sulphur compounds.

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19
Q

Cloning

A

An artificial form of asexual reproduction

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20
Q

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

A

A scheme where farmers could get grants for a range of activities that benefited the environment or improved amenity value for the public (now closed)

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21
Q

Crop rotation

A

The practise of growing a different crop in a field on a cycle of three, four or five years

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22
Q

Crossbreeding

A

Producing offspring by mating parents of two different breeds or varieties

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23
Q

CSS

A

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

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24
Q

Edaphic

A

A factor related to soil

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25
Q

Endemic pest

A

A pest that is normally present

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26
Q

Environmental Stewardship Scheme

A

A scheme where farmers gain grant payment if they gain sufficient points for practises that benefit the environment eg management of hedgerows, ditches, field margins, in-field trees etc

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27
Q

Environmentally Sensitive Area

A

An area in which farmers in selected areas were paid grants for maintaining traditional farming practises that benefited the environment eg maintaining hay meadows, grazing marshes, chalk grasslands (scheme now closed)

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28
Q

Epidemic pest

A

A pest that is not normally a problem but may become a serious pest when the population suddenly increases

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29
Q

ESA

A

Environmentally Sensitive Area

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30
Q

ESS

A

Environmental Stewardship Scheme

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31
Q

Ethylene

A

Chemical that stimulates fruit ripening

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32
Q

Eutrophication

A

The process by which the nutrient level of a water body increases

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33
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The combined movement of water into the atmosphere from the evaporation from surfaces and transpiration from the stomata of leaves

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34
Q

Extensive agriculture

A

Agriculture where the maximum total yield is achieved by distributing the inputs over the total available area. Inputs per unit area are usually low.

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35
Q

F1 hybrid

A

The first generation of offspring produced by breeding from two distinct true-breeding varieties. All the offspring have the same combinations of characteristics.

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36
Q

Food chain

A

A sequence of organisms arranged to show their feeding relationships and food energy flow: primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer etc

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37
Q

Gene pool

A

The total number of different genes found in all the individuals in a population

38
Q

Genetic engineering

A

The method of altering an organism’s genetic makeup by artificially introducing genes from another organism, often of another species

39
Q

Genetic modification (GM)

A

The method of altering an organisms genetic makeup by artificially introducing genes from another organism, often of another species

40
Q

Gibberelins

A

A group of plant hormones

41
Q

GM

A

Genetic modification

42
Q

Green Revolution

A

The agricultural changes since the mid 20th century, where high yielding cereal varieties were bred to increase food production, especially of rice and wheat in tropical LEDCs

43
Q

Haber process

A

A chemical process used to manufacture ammonia from which nitrate fertilisers can be made

44
Q

Herbivore

A

An animal that only eats plant food eg cows, sheep

45
Q

Heterosis

A

The hybrid vigour produced by breeding between two organisms that are not closely related

46
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that gets its food energy from other organisms ie all organisms except autotrophs

47
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

The transfer of genetic material between organisms without normal breeding taking place eg the transfer of genes that give pesticide or antibiotic resistance between bacteria

48
Q

Humus

A

The colloidal material in soil that is the end product of the decomposition of dead organic matter

49
Q

Hybrid

A

A variety produced by breeding from two different breeds or varieties

50
Q

Hybrid vigour

A

The good health achieved by breeding between breeds that are not closely related. This reduces the risk of inbreeding and recessive gene diseases

51
Q

Inbreeding

A

Breeding between closely related individuals that is likely to produce recessive gene problems

52
Q

Insolation

A

Sunlight landing on a surface

53
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

Farming where high yields are achieved by using large inputs per unit area

54
Q

IR8

A

A Green Revolution rice variety

55
Q

Leachate

A

Drainage liquid containing dissolved materials eg fertilisers

56
Q

Limiting factor

A

An environmental factor present in insufficient amounts to allow a process to occur at a faster rate eg a nutrient being the limiting factor for plant growth

57
Q

Liposoluble

A

The property of a substance that allows it to dissolve in lipids

58
Q

Macronutrient

A

A plant nutrient needed in large amounts: N, P, K.

59
Q

Marshall Plan

A

A US scheme after the 2nd World War to provide food aid to Europe

60
Q

Micronutrient

A

A nutrient needed in small amounts

61
Q

Micropropagation

A

An artificial method of asexual reproduction where plants are grown from small pieces of plant tissue eg pieces of leaf

62
Q

Monoculture

A

The growth of a single type of crop, usually over a large area

63
Q

Mulch

A

Material added to the soil surface to inhibit weed growth eg shredded crop waste

64
Q

Omnivore

A

A organism that eats plant and animal foods eg pigs

65
Q

Organochlorine pesticide

A

Insecticide group eg DDT, dieldrin, aldrin. Most are now banned or restricted because they are persistent, bioaccumulate and biomagnify.

66
Q

Organophosphate pesticide

A

Insecticide group eg parathion, malathion. They are not persistant but have high mammalian toxicity.

67
Q

Pasture

A

An area of land used for grazing livestock

68
Q

Ped

A

The aggregates of soil particles that give soil its structure and influence its properties eg crumb and platy peds

69
Q

Persistence

A

A measureof the length of time over which a material breaks down or is lost

70
Q

Pesticide

A

A chemical that is used to kill pest species: organisms that damage crops, livestock or cause disease.

71
Q

Pheromone

A

A chemical released by an organism that changes the behaviour of other members of the same species, especially to attract a mate

72
Q

Photoautotroph

A

An organism that produces high energy food substances using light eg all photosynthetic organisms

73
Q

Pyrethroid pesticide

A

An insecticide group. They are not persistent and have low mammalian toxicity

74
Q

Quota

A

A limit set on the number or quantity of items eg milk production (also fish catch)

75
Q

Rumen

A

The stomach chamber in which bacteria digest cellulose in ruminants eg cattle, sheep and other large herbivores

76
Q

Selective breeding

A

Producing offspring from particular chosen parents, usually to produce offspring with more desirable characteristics

77
Q

Set Aside Land

A

Farmland which has been taken out of production and is not cultivated but is kept in a condition where it could be farmed again, for which farmers are paid grants (scheme now closed)

78
Q

Specificity

A

A measure of the relative toxicity of a substance to different groups of organisms

79
Q

Sustainable

A

An activity that can be carried out without making life more difficult for people in the future

80
Q

Systemic

A

A substance that is absorbed and transported throughout an organism eg by sap in plants

81
Q

Tenant farmer

A

A farmer that rents land from the owner

82
Q

Tillage

A

The cultivation by turning the soil eg by ploughing

83
Q

Topography

A

The 3-D shape of the land surface

84
Q

Toxicity

A

A measure of how poisonous a substance is

85
Q

Transgenics

A

The process of artificially transferring genetic material from one organism into an individual of another species

86
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water by evaporation from the stomata of leaves

87
Q

Trophic level

A

A position in a food chain eg primary producer, secondary consumer

88
Q

True-breeding variety

A

A variety of selectively bred organism where all members are genetically almost identical and produce similar offspring.

89
Q

Tuber

A

A type of root

90
Q

USLE

A

Universal Soil Loss Equation

91
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

Asexual reproduction

92
Q

Zoonose

A

A microorganism that is carried by livestock which, if transferred to humans causes disease

Environmental Studies AQA A2 (8 decks)

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