Unit 4: Changing Populations Flashcards
How much has our population increased between 2006-2011?
5.9%
Which province had a population increase double the national average?
Alberta
For the first time where are more people living in?
The west as opposed to the east
Why are people leaving Ontario for the west?
Job opportunities, some think it’s a higher standard of living
What percentage of new Canadians were immigrants?
2/3
What has happened to the population increase due to more births than deaths since 1961?
It’s gotten smaller
Why do we use rates instead of raw numbers when we look at demographics?
So we can compare between different countries
Birth rate
Number of births per year per 1000 people
Death rate
Number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Natural increase rate
Birth rate minus death rate
Net migration
Immigration rate minus emigration rate
Population growth rate
Natural increase rate plus net migration rate
Doubling time/rule of 70
The length of time for a country’s population to double at a particular growth rate. Calculated by dividing 70 by the growth rate.
How is Canada’s population spread across the country?
Most of the population is concentrated along the Canada-US border, as well as along the coast
Attraction factors for Richmond Hill
(Relatively) moderate climate, availability of employment opportunities, near markets
Causes for Canada’s settlement patterns
Historical: early European settlement followed Atlantic coast inland through the St. Lawrence River to Great Lakes, so early communities were established there.
Economic, Cultural, and Social: closely tied to the US, one of our largest trading partners, and much of our cultural and social life is connected to them
Physical: southern fringes have the most hospitable climates and soils
5 settlement patterns
Clustered, scattered, peripheral, linear, dispersed
Clustered
Associated with resource development
Scattered
Remote regions
Peripheral
Settlements that develop around the edge of a landform
Linear
Settlements that develop in a line, along a river, railway, or major highway
Dispersed
A fairly regular pattern of medium to high density settlements, seen in flatter regions with good farmland
What happens as settlements increase in population size?
The distance between settlements increases as well
Impacts of Canada’s aging population
- Aging workforce as baby boomers enter retirement
- Higher public health care spending
- Decisions on community infrastructure need to consider accessibility
What percentage do Aboriginals make up of Canada’s total population?
4.3%
Is Canada’s percentage of Aboriginals increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
How is the aboriginal population divided?
First nations: 60.8%
Metis: 32.3%
Inuit: 4.2%
Which province has the greatest number of First Nations?
Ontario
Which province has the greatest number of Metis?
Alberta
Which territory has the greatest number of Inuit?
Nunavut
Is the median age of aboriginal people older or younger than the non-aboriginal population?
Younger
How can isolation affect people living on reserves?
Lack of economic opportunities, similar to those faced by people in rural areas
What is a concern aboriginals have with treaties?
The lack of them and unfair application
Push factor
A reason that encourages people to move away (weather, war, environment, economy)
Pull factor
A reason that makes a particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants (economy, education, political stability, family/friends)
What are the 7 immigration classes?
Skilled worker class, skilled trade class, Canadian experience class, start-up visa, temporary foreign work program, family class, refugee class
Intraprovincial migration
Within a province
Interprovincial migiration
Between provinces
Percentages of intraprovincial and interprovincial migrants
Intraprovincial: 11%
Interprovincial: 3%
Which 2 provinces saw a net gain in interprovincial migration?
Saskatchewan and Alberta
5 reasons for increase in international connections
- More people travelling
- Electronic communication
- International trade
- Increasingly common culture
- Disasters/tragedies
Developed country
Highly developed economy
Developing country
Poorly developed economy
Newly industrialized country
In transition stage between developing and developed
Developed countries: economic and social characteristics
- Economies based increasingly on service sector
- Well developed services
- Most developed due to manufacturing, but it’s less important today
- Primary industries, while highly efficient, are the least important
- Highest standard of living
Developing countries: economic and social characteristics
- Economies dominated by primary industries, especially agriculture
- New development focused on manufacturing
- Service sector poorly developed
- Earn little cash income, most production is for their own use or traded
- Earn very little, so don’t pay taxes, therefore government unable to provide money for infrastructure, rely on foreign aid
New industrializing countries: economic and social characteristics
- Economies once based on agriculture, over time manufacturing industries established
- Service industry will increase with industrial base
- As service industry increases in size, standard of living will improve
Demographic trap
Situation in which country’s population growth rate is so high it’s not able to develop
Fragile state
Poor country not able to respond to crises in critical systems
NGO
Non Governmental Organization, private, not-for-profit
ODA
Official Development Assistance
What is Canada’s contribution in relation to the size of our economy?
Very low
3 reasons for why some countries are poor while others are rich
Institutions: clan-thinking, crime, corruption
Culture: religion
Geography: tropical regions are poorer, more vulnerable to diseases, resource trap, oil and coal known as intensifiers, makes poor countries poorer and rich countries richer
Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1: both birth and death rates are high, short life expectancy
Stage 2: population starts to grow due to fall in death rate, life expectancy rises and infant mortality rate falls
Stage 3: population continues to grow but at a slower rate, low death rate, but a dramatically declining birth rate
Stage 4: low birth and death rates, higher dependency ratio and longer life expectancy, death rate rises slightly due to aging population
Ecumene
A settled part of the country
Do most aboriginals live on reserves or off reserves?
Off reserves
Largest CMA in Canada
Toronto
Settlement hierarchy
A system that organizes urban areas based on population and available services
Liveability
All the characteristics of a community that contribute to the quality of life of the people who live there
Sustainability
Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems
Carrying capacity
The ability of the environment to support a population without environmental damage
Characteristics that contribute to the liveability of a community
- Good housing/transportation
- Infrastructure
- Natural environment
- Economy
- Education
- Social opportunities
- Overall health
What 2 areas does the new definition of sustainability focus on?
Improving quality of human life (ensuring people with low standards of living have access to resources needed to improve), while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems (living within limits of available resources so future generations can live as we do)
4 challenges we face as global citizens when attempting to balance liveability and sustainability
- Meet basic needs
- Satisfy as many wants as possible
- Be able to afford costs of these needs/wants
- Do all of this while minimizing our demands on the natural environment
4 types of land on the Oak Ridges Moraine
- Natural core areas: land with the greatest concentration of natural features that are crucial to the healthy ecology of the moraine
- Natural linkage areas: critical natural and open space linkages between natural core areas and rivers/streams
- Countryside areas: provide an agricultural and rural transition buffer between natural core areas/natural linkage areas and urbanized settlement areas
- Settlement areas: areas with a range of urban uses that are set out in the municipal plans of existing communities on the moraine
Greater Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt
Permanently protects thousands of hectares of prime agricultural land in southern Ontario from urban uses such as residential subdivisions, industrial parks, and shopping malls
6 types of land use
- Residential: largest proportion of land within a city, primarily used for housing. Can include low, medium, and high density housing
- Transportation: a large portion, designated for corridors and amenities, such as roads, public transit, and parking
- Institutional: type of land use for public facilities, including development for community, educational, governmental, health care, and religious purposes
- Open and green space: similar proportion to institutional, set aside for recreation and conservation effects
- Industrial: type of land use for manufacturing and assembly plants, similar proportion to institutional
- Commercial: similar to proportion to industrial, includes any development for retail, service, or office
Neighbourhood
Divisions within a large metropolitan area, people in a neighbourhood often share economic status and social living conditions
Natural environment
Area with undisturbed elements (areas with land, water, rocks)
Built environment
Area created or altered by humans (high rise buildings, infrastructure networks, transportation systems, suburban neighbourhoods
Urban sprawl
The outward growth of a community that usually overtakes natural spaces/rural land
Consequences of urban growth
- Air quality: increased vehicle use contributes to poor air quality
Consequences of urban growth
- Air quality: increased vehicle use contributes to poor air quality
- Water quality: asphalt doesn’t allow water to be absorbed into the ground. It runs off paved surfaces and collects hazardous substances on the way. Puts pressure on sewage systems.
- Urban core: urban doughnut
- Jobs: farmland lost, farms overtaken by development, jobs lost in primary sector, replaced by tertiary/quaternary industries
Urban doughnut
Downtown residents leave core in favour of more cost-friendly homes and more space, businesses and institutions move to suburbs and leave empty spaces, or a hole, in downtown.
Social benefits and challenges of living in the suburbs
Benefits:
- escape fast-paced life of city
- lower crime rates
- as growth increases, so do the amenities
- more space, less noise
- greater sense of community
Challenges:
- car-dependent lifestyle leads to increased fuel consumption
- poor air quality results in higher incidence of respiratory problems
Difference between liveability and sustainability in relation to time
Liveability is about the present while sustainability is about the future
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
20-minute neighbourhood
A community that has all of its features in an area that is walkable or bikable
Biocapacity
The average amount of land available to support each person
Human Development Index
Measure of overall quality of life developed by the UN
Ecological Footprint
A measure of resource use per person, expressed as number of hectares of productive land needed
Domestic Product per Capita
A measure of size of economy, in dollars, divided by population
Do countries with high HDI have high or low ecological footprints?
High
How would Canada rank in HDI if we were judged on the quality of life experienced by First Nations people?
48th
