Unit 3: Managing Canada's Resources and Industries Flashcards
1
Q
Sustainable yield management
A
The process of managing a renewable resource
2
Q
What important characteristic do farming, forestry, and fishing share?
A
Economic activities that depend on renewable resources
3
Q
Overview of farming
A
- Resources needed: suitable climate, deep fertile soils
- Problems: soil deterioration from bad farming practices, cities build on suitable farming land
- Risk of being used unsustainably: moderate
- Impact of climate change: changes in temperature and rainfall patterns affect where farming is possible
4
Q
Overview of forestry
A
- Resources needed: appropriate climate and soils, existing forests to provide seeds for a new generation
- Problems: poor forestry practices can result in scrub bush replacing a high-quality forest, soil erosion in hilly areas
- Risk of being used unsustainably: moderate-high
- Impact of climate change: size and borders of forest regions will change, warmer temperatures will increase risk of forest damage from insects
5
Q
Overview of commercial fishing
A
- Resources needed: naturally occurring fish stocks
- Problems: fish stocks are too often mined, pollution of ocean reduces number of fish and makes them dangerous to eat
- Risk of being used unsustainably: high
- Impact of climate change: oceans are warming, fish are moving
6
Q
Natural resource
A
Anything that people can use which comes from nature
7
Q
Renewable resource
A
Resources that can replace themselves once they have been used (if used carefully)
8
Q
Non-renewable resource
A
Resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up
9
Q
Flow resource
A
Resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost
10
Q
Primary industries
A
Industries that extract the raw materials from the environment
11
Q
Secondary industries
A
Industries involved in the manufacturing/processing of raw materials
12
Q
Tertiary industries
A
Industries that provide a service to the end consumer, concentrated in the service sector
13
Q
Quaternary industries
A
The knowledge based section of the economy (information generation and sharing, IT, consultation, research and development)
14
Q
2 major factors that influence farming
A
Climate and land quality
15
Q
2 climate factors that influence farming
A
Temperature and moisture
16
Q
GDD
A
Growing degree days
17
Q
What does looking at the amount of precipitation that occurs in an area to measure availability of water not take into account?
A
The demand for water
18
Q
Aridity index
A
A value to show water availability, takes into account the supply and demand for moisture.
19
Q
Canada Land Inventory
A
Classes 1-7, with 1 being excellent and 7 having no capability for agriculture. Only 1-4 are good enough for growing commercial crops.
20
Q
Intensive farming
A
- Involves relatively small areas of land
- Requires large amounts of labour
- Located near large urban areas and produces products for the nearby large population
21
Q
Extensive farming
A
- Involves large areas of land
- Requires relatively small amounts of labour
- Produces products for export
22
Q
Average farm size
A
Increasing
23
Q
Average hectares per worker
A
Increasing
24
Q
Average tractors per farm
A
Increasing
25
Average hectares per tractor
Decreasing
26
Number of farms
Decreasing
27
Amount of people employed in manufacturing sector
Decreasing
28
Sustainable yield forest management
The use of forest resources at a rate that allows them to renew themselves
29
Softwood
Wood from coniferous (needle-leaved) trees
30
Hardwood
Wood from broad leaved trees
31
Commercial forests
Part of a forest that has large enough trees and is close enough to a market to allow it to be harvested by the forest industry
32
Forestry products: Boreal forest
Pulp and paper production
33
Forestry products: Taiga forest
Pulp and paper production
34
Forestry products: West Coast forest
Lumber, cedar shingles, plywood. Pulp and paper made from smaller logs
35
Forestry products: Montane forest
Lumber, pulp and paper made from logs cut here
36
Forestry products: Mixed forest
Flooring, furniture
37
Clear-cutting
Removes every tree, leaving a barren landscape behind. When replanted, the forest grows uniformly in size.
38
Shelterwood logging
Clear-cutting only a part of the forest. Groups of seed-bearing trees are left standing.
39
Selective cutting
Harvesting only mature trees of the desired size, type, or quality. Less disruptive to the environment.
40
Corporate vs. Environmentalist viewpoints: clear-cutting
Corporate:
- Many forests contain vegetation that naturally regenerates after destruction
- Clear-cutting is followed by natural regeneration or replanting
- They determine size and shape of clear cut, so they take care to change as little of the forest as possible
Environmentalist:
- Removes all ground cover
- Diversity is lost
41
Corporate vs. Environmentalist viewpoints: aerial spraying of pesticides
Corporate:
- In expensive and effective
- Pests must be killed quickly to protect forest
- Low toxic effect on animals
- If they stop, insects will kill the trees
Environmentalist:
- Endangers wildlife
- Disrupts ecosystem
- Linked to cancer/birth defects in forest workers
42
Corporate vs. Environmentalist viewpoints: global competition
Corporate:
- They have to do everything in their power, as Canada has a disadvantage due to short growing season
Environmentalist:
- Sustainable yield management isn't routine practice
- Should protect our forests
43
Crown lands
Publicly owned forests. Managed by forest companies under 20-year Sustainable Forest Licences, which are subject to renewal every 5 years, depending on the result of a license review. Licenses are issued by the government.
44
According to the UN, what percentage of the world's fish species are either fully exploited or being depleted?
70%
45
What does the UN say are the principal causes for depletion of fish stocks?
Overfishing and destructive fishing
46
3 reasons commercial fishing is important to Canada
- Important local industry, in some areas it's the only option
- Oldest industry
- Important lesson about resource management
47
Groundfish
Fish that feed and are caught near the ocean floor. Includes cod, haddock, pollock, halibut, and redfish.
48
Pelagic fish
Fish that feed and are caught near the surface. Includes salmon, herring, mackerel, tuna, and capelin.
49
Shellfish
Animals without backbones but with hard, protective shells. Includes shrimp, lobster, oysters, scallops, and mussels.
50
Inshore fisheries
- Located within 16-25 km of the shore
- 85% of fishing labour force
- 10% of total catch
- Boats 6-20 metres in length
- Owned by individuals and families
- Crew size of 1-6
- Fishing season is mainly warmer months
- Processed on shore, usually in small to medium sized plants
- People live in small coastal communities, low and unstable income, widespread dependence on government support
51
Offshore fisheries
- Located to the edges of continental shelf for groundfish, further for pelagic fish
- 15% of fishing labour force
- 90% of total catch
- Ships 50 metres or longer, factor trawlers can be much larger
- Owned by large companies
- Crew size of 12-16, much larger for factory trawlers
- Fishing season is year round, in all types of weather
- May be partially or completely processed on board, any additional processing done in larger plants in large towns or cities
- People live in larger coastal communities, higher and more stable incomes
52
Why was the cod moratorium imposed?
Overfishing resulted in the source being depleted
53
How long was the moratorium supposed to last?
2 years
54
How long has the moratorium lasted as of 2012?
20 years
55
Impacts of the cod moratorium
Fishing was the main employment opportunity in the community, and cod was the most significant catch of the industry. The moratorium put a lot of people out of work, and for many it was the only thing they had ever thought of or wanted to do. Fishing had been passed down in families for generations, and is a very important part of their culture. Difficult for the town to move on, as the fishing industry was part of what kept them together, and for many was why they lived there. 20 years later, the social consequences are clear, and there's little left of the bright, colourful town from before.
56
Continental shelf
Part of the ocean that's next to continents and typically less than 200 metres deep.
57
3 major uses of water
- Agriculture
- Domestic use
- Industrial use
58
Canada's major drainage basins and where they go
Pacific: west
Arctic: north
Atlantic: east
Gulf of Mexico: south
59
What are the 2 reasons Canada is fortunate to have a large quantity of high-quality freshwater?
- Access to vast amounts of water
| - Wealthy country and can afford complex system of water treatment facilities
60
Biggest water store
Ocean
61
Biggest freshwater store
Ice and snow, followed by groundwater
62
2 most important fossil fuels
Oil and natural gas
63
4 sectors that energy is used in
- Industrial
- Transportation
- Residential
- Commercial and institutional
64
Energy sector with largest demand and largest projected increase in energy demand in Canada
Industrial
65
Differences between fossil fuels and minerals
- Fossil fuels are consumed, minerals can be recycled
| - We can't see power from fossil fuels, but we can with minerals
66
Where does Canada rank amongst the world's leading mining nations?
2nd
67
Metallic mineral
A mineral that yields metal when melted, typically from metamorphic/igneous rock
68
Non-metallic mineral
A mineral that does not change its form when melted, most commonly from sedimentary rock
69
Ore
A rock that contains enough of a valuable metallic mineral to make mining profitable.
70
Ore
A rock that contains enough of a valuable metallic mineral to make mining profitable.
71
How might aboriginal people be affected by the extraction of natural resources?
Sometimes resources are found on lands covered by treaties
72
Issues challenging Canada's mining industry: acid precipitation
Creates a lot of pollutants that cause acid precipitation
73
Issues challenging Canada's mining industry: abandoned mines
Leaves scars on the land and continue as a source of pollution as mine waste leaks into rivers and lakes
74
Issues challenging Canada's mining industry: exported jobs
50% of minerals mined in Canada are exported before any manufacturing is done, which means we're exporting jobs
75
Issues challenging Canada's mining industry: world events
Can be damaged by unexpected events in other countries, such as when the economies of Japan, China, and Taiwan slowed down and demand declined
76
Issues challenging Canada's mining industry: depleted reserves
High-quality reserves being depleted, so Canada will have to rely on poorer quality deposits
77
Issues challenging Canada's mining industry: foreign competition
New mineral deposits being discovered in other countries in Asia, Africa, and South America
78
Issues challenging Canada's mining industry: one-industry towns
Mining towns are utterly dependent on mines, when it closes the town may not survive
79
Sources used in Ontario to generate electricity in Ontario
Solar, hydro, wind, nuclear, natural gas, Durham York Energy Centre
80
3 benefits of energy conservation
- Uses less natural resources
- Conserves power overall, less need for power infrastructure
- Less cost overall (both power bill and large scale)
81
7 location factors for manufacturing
- Location of customers
- Proximity of raw materials
- Availability of fresh water/power
- Labour supply
- Transportation
- Political factors
- Circumstance
82
Why has Ontario and Quebec been hit the hardest by loss of manufacturing jobs?
They were the home of most manufacturing in Canada
83
Factors threatening Canadian factories
- International competition
- Outdated technology too costly to replace
- Couldn't pay employees
- Decrease in demand for products
- Higher Canadian dollar made plant less competitive than American locations
- Enough capacity at other locations with lower operating costs
84
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
85
CETA
Canadian=European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
86
Free trade
International trade without tariffs or other barriers
87
Tarrif
A tax applied to imported goods that's designed to protect domestic manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive
88
Division of workforce amongst primary, secondary, and tertiary industries
Primary: 3.9%
Secondary: 18%
Tertiary: 78.1%
89
Basic job
A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else
90
Non-basic job
A job that circulates money within an economy
91
Multiplier effect
Increase in total wealth/income that occurs when new money is injected into an economy.
92
Multiplier effect: 3:1 ratio
A new dollar gets respent about 3 times before it leaks out of the community. For every basic job there's about 3 non-basic jobs.
93
Rank the 3 Rs from greatest amount of resource saving to least
1. Reducing
2. Reusing
3. Recycling
94
Which drainage basin is Richmond Hill located in?
Atlantic
95
Category that uses the greatest amount of freshwater
Agriculture
96
Most common species of fish raised by aquaculture
Salmon
97
Environmental concerns of hydraulic fracturing
1. The impact of the toxic chemicals being injected into the ground. Many of them are carcinogens, and their effects on the environment and living creatures needs to be monitored.
2. The aftermath when complications occur, as fracking has been proven to not be foolproof. When something unplanned occurs, the effects can be devastating for both the environment and creatures living it.
