Unit 4. Ch 26 Flashcards
How many mitotic divisions to spermatogonia undergo?
-2. to produce 4 spermatocytes
What is the result of sperm meiosis?
-4 haploid spermatids at the end of two meiotic divisions
What is the result of oocyte meiosis?
-sister chromatids separate but only one oocyte proceeeds (other polar body disintegrates). No second meiotic division in females.
Why are sperm connected in spermatogenesis?
some sperm are X and some are Y. Need to be connected for gene product exchange.
What is the difference between male and female gametogenesis?
Female: first meotic division not done until puberty. second division not until fertilization
Male: Two meiotic divisions in during puberty.
What is spermatogenesis?
- Transformation of the spermatid into a spermatozoon
- Form acrosomal enzymes
- Form acrosome
- Form flagellum
- Package mitochondria
- Condense and repackage
What is a spermatozoon?
-4 Parts: Head: nuclear material. Acrosome: containes enzymes to penetrate the ovum. Midpiece: mitochondria. Tail: flagella.
What is oogenesis?
- Occurs in ovaries
- Mitotic division and meiotic arrest (fetal)
- Oogonia divide mitotically then enter meiosis I, but are arrested prior to first division. Some undergo apoptosis
- Suspended until puberty.
What is the scrotum?
-sac
-compartment
temperature regulated
-Dartos: temperature
-cremaster muscle: protection
What is the penis?
- copulation
- possesses “erectile tissue”
- fills with blood
What are the testis?
- covered by tunics
- divided by septa into lobules each containing seminiferous tubules (sperm factory)
- myoid cells: contract rhythmically
What are the sertoli and leydig cells
- sertoli: nurse cells. development and regulation
- leydig: testosterone in response to LH
What is the epididymis?
- 20 day crash course
- swim school
- capacitance (penetration)
- concentration
What is the epididymis?
- 20 day crash course
- swim school
- capacitance (penetration)
- concentration
What is the epididymis?
- 20 day crash course
- swim school
- capacitance (penetration)
- concentration
What are the Testis?
- made up of seroti and leydi cells
- seroti: nurse
- leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
What are the Testis?
- made up of seroti and leydi cells
- seroti: nurse
- leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
What are the Testis?
- made up of seroti and leydi cells
- seroti: nurse
- leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
What is the Ductus Deferen?
- vas deferen
- storage
- store in a vase or some crap
- thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
- joins with seminal vesicle
What is the Ductus Deferen?
- vas deferen
- storage
- store in a vase or some crap
- thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
- joins with seminal vesicle
What is the Ductus Deferen?
- vas deferen
- storage
- store in a vase or some crap
- thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
- joins with seminal vesicle
What is the ejaculatory duct?
-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.
What is the ejaculatory duct?
-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.
What is the ejaculatory duct?
-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.
What are the ducts?
- ductus deferen (vas)
- epididymis
- ejaculatory duct
What are the ducts?
- ductus deferen (vas)
- epididymis
- ejaculatory duct
What are the ducts?
- ductus deferen (vas)
- epididymis
- ejaculatory duct
What are the accessory sex glands?
- prostate
- bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicles
What are the accessory sex glands?
- prostate
- bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicles
What are the accessory sex glands?
- prostate
- bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicles
What is the role of the seminal vesicles
- fructose
- prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
- make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
- enhance motility and fertilizing power
What is the role of the seminal vesicles
- fructose
- prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
- make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
- enhance motility and fertilizing power
What is the role of the seminal vesicles
- fructose
- prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
- make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
- enhance motility and fertilizing power
What is the role of the prostate gland?
- encircles the urethra
- neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
- clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
What is the role of the prostate gland?
- encircles the urethra
- neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
- clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
What is the role of the prostate gland?
- encircles the urethra
- neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
- clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?
- secretes lubricating mucus
- neutralizes urethra.
- sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?
- secretes lubricating mucus
- neutralizes urethra.
- sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?
- secretes lubricating mucus
- neutralizes urethra.
- sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
what is semen?
- white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
- clotting factors
- prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
- suppress immune response
- alkaline
what is semen?
- white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
- clotting factors
- prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
- suppress immune response
- alkaline
what is semen?
- white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
- clotting factors
- prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
- suppress immune response
- alkaline
How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?
-inhibin inhibits FSH-
testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH
How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?
-inhibin inhibits FSH-
testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH
How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?
-inhibin inhibits FSH-
testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH
What is different between FSH and LH?
- FSH: sertoli
- LH: leydig
What is different between FSH and LH?
- FSH: sertoli
- LH: leydig
What is different between FSH and LH?
- FSH: sertoli
- LH: leydig
What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?
- prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
- after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
- reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
- nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?
- prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
- after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
- reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
- nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?
- prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
- after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
- reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
- nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
- produce OVA (oogenesis)
- get sperm
- birth
- lactation
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
- produce OVA (oogenesis)
- get sperm
- birth
- lactation
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
- produce OVA (oogenesis)
- get sperm
- birth
- lactation
What is the ovary?
- highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
- ovarian follicle: oogenesis
- granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
- theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
oocyte: female gamete
What is the ovary?
- highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
- ovarian follicle: oogenesis
- granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
- theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
oocyte: female gamete
What is the ovary?
- highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
- ovarian follicle: oogenesis
- granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
- theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
oocyte: female gamete
What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?
- primordial follicle,
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- graffian follicle-
- corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?
- primordial follicle,
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- graffian follicle-
- corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?
- primordial follicle,
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- graffian follicle-
- corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
What are the 3 uterine wall layers?
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
What are the 3 uterine wall layers?
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
What are the 3 uterine wall layers?
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?
- follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
- ovulation: release of ovum
- luteal phase: corpora lutea
- preparation for reproduction
What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?
- follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
- ovulation: release of ovum
- luteal phase: corpora lutea
- preparation for reproduction
What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?
- follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
- ovulation: release of ovum
- luteal phase: corpora lutea
- preparation for reproduction
When does the menstrual phase occur?
- coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase
- vaginal discharge of blood
When does the menstrual phase occur?
- coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase
- vaginal discharge of blood
When does the menstrual phase occur?
- coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase
- vaginal discharge of blood
When does the proliferative phase occur?
-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN
When does the proliferative phase occur?
-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN
When does the proliferative phase occur?
-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN
when does the secretory phase occur?
- estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
- progesterone
when does the secretory phase occur?
- estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
- progesterone
when does the secretory phase occur?
- estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
- progesterone
What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?
- LH: theca cells
- FSH: granulosa cells
- Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
- progesterone: produced by luteal cells
What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?
- LH: theca cells
- FSH: granulosa cells
- Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
- progesterone: produced by luteal cells
What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?
- LH: theca cells
- FSH: granulosa cells
- Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
- progesterone: produced by luteal cells
Production of estrogen?
LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)
Production of estrogen?
LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)
Production of estrogen?
LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)
How are FSH and LH controlled?
negative feedback of estrogen
but also positive signals
How are FSH and LH controlled?
negative feedback of estrogen
but also positive signals
How are FSH and LH controlled?
negative feedback of estrogen
but also positive signals
What is the signal of ovulation?
LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.
What is the signal of ovulation?
LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.
What is the signal of ovulation?
LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.
What is the role of the LH surge?
- halts estrogen synthesis
- reinitiates mei I
- triggers prostaglandin
What is the role of the LH surge?
- halts estrogen synthesis
- reinitiates mei I
- triggers prostaglandin
What is the role of the LH surge?
- halts estrogen synthesis
- reinitiates mei I
- triggers prostaglandin
What is the role of progesterone?
- secreted by luteal cells
- inhibits LH and FSH from AP
- prepares for implantation
- diminishes if implantation does not occur
What is the role of progesterone?
- secreted by luteal cells
- inhibits LH and FSH from AP
- prepares for implantation
- diminishes if implantation does not occur
What is the role of progesterone?
- secreted by luteal cells
- inhibits LH and FSH from AP
- prepares for implantation
- diminishes if implantation does not occur
Steps in fertilization?
- recognition
- activation sperm
- fusion of membranes
- add. entry blocked
- activation egg
- fuse
Steps in fertilization?
- recognition
- activation sperm
- fusion of membranes
- add. entry blocked
- activation egg
- fuse
Steps in fertilization?
- recognition
- activation sperm
- fusion of membranes
- add. entry blocked
- activation egg
- fuse
Where is the site of fertilization?
- oviduct is fertilization site
- must occur within 24 hours
- sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
Where is the site of fertilization?
- oviduct is fertilization site
- must occur within 24 hours
- sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
Where is the site of fertilization?
- oviduct is fertilization site
- must occur within 24 hours
- sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
Blocks to polyspermy?
2 mechanisms
- fast: transient, membrane potential change
- slow: calcium ions
Blocks to polyspermy?
2 mechanisms
- fast: transient, membrane potential change
- slow: calcium ions
Blocks to polyspermy?
2 mechanisms
- fast: transient, membrane potential change
- slow: calcium ions
Early development?
- zygotes becomes blastocyt
- attaches to uterus, the endometrium
- implantation
Early development?
- zygotes becomes blastocyt
- attaches to uterus, the endometrium
- implantation
Early development?
- zygotes becomes blastocyt
- attaches to uterus, the endometrium
- implantation
Embryonic development?
- blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
- digest endometrial tissue
Embryonic development?
- blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
- digest endometrial tissue
Embryonic development?
- blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
- digest endometrial tissue
What are pregnancy hormones?
-hCG
What are pregnancy hormones?
-hCG
What are pregnancy hormones?
-hCG
What is the role of the placenta?
hCG/estrogen/progesterone
endocrine organ
What is the role of the placenta?
hCG/estrogen/progesterone
endocrine organ
What is the role of the placenta?
hCG/estrogen/progesterone
endocrine organ
What is gestation?
-about 38 weeks
What is gestation?
-about 38 weeks
What is gestation?
-about 38 weeks
What is parturition?
- labor/delivery/birth
- dilation
- contraction
What is parturition?
- labor/delivery/birth
- dilation
- contraction
What is parturition?
- labor/delivery/birth
- dilation
- contraction
Role of oxytocin?
- stronger contraction
- positive feedback
- milk ejection
Role of oxytocin?
- stronger contraction
- positive feedback
- milk ejection
Role of oxytocin?
- stronger contraction
- positive feedback
- milk ejection
