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Human Physiology > Unit 4. Ch 26 > Flashcards

Unit 4. Ch 26 Flashcards

1
Q

How many mitotic divisions to spermatogonia undergo?

A

-2. to produce 4 spermatocytes

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2
Q

What is the result of sperm meiosis?

A

-4 haploid spermatids at the end of two meiotic divisions

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3
Q

What is the result of oocyte meiosis?

A

-sister chromatids separate but only one oocyte proceeeds (other polar body disintegrates). No second meiotic division in females.

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4
Q

Why are sperm connected in spermatogenesis?

A

some sperm are X and some are Y. Need to be connected for gene product exchange.

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5
Q

What is the difference between male and female gametogenesis?

A

Female: first meotic division not done until puberty. second division not until fertilization
Male: Two meiotic divisions in during puberty.

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6
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A
  • Transformation of the spermatid into a spermatozoon
  • Form acrosomal enzymes
  • Form acrosome
  • Form flagellum
  • Package mitochondria
  • Condense and repackage
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7
Q

What is a spermatozoon?

A

-4 Parts: Head: nuclear material. Acrosome: containes enzymes to penetrate the ovum. Midpiece: mitochondria. Tail: flagella.

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8
Q

What is oogenesis?

A
  • Occurs in ovaries
  • Mitotic division and meiotic arrest (fetal)
  • Oogonia divide mitotically then enter meiosis I, but are arrested prior to first division. Some undergo apoptosis
  • Suspended until puberty.
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9
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

-sac
-compartment
temperature regulated
-Dartos: temperature
-cremaster muscle: protection

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10
Q

What is the penis?

A
  • copulation
  • possesses “erectile tissue”
  • fills with blood
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11
Q

What are the testis?

A
  • covered by tunics
  • divided by septa into lobules each containing seminiferous tubules (sperm factory)
  • myoid cells: contract rhythmically
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12
Q

What are the sertoli and leydig cells

A
  • sertoli: nurse cells. development and regulation

- leydig: testosterone in response to LH

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13
Q

What is the epididymis?

A
  • 20 day crash course
  • swim school
  • capacitance (penetration)
  • concentration
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13
Q

What is the epididymis?

A
  • 20 day crash course
  • swim school
  • capacitance (penetration)
  • concentration
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13
Q

What is the epididymis?

A
  • 20 day crash course
  • swim school
  • capacitance (penetration)
  • concentration
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14
Q

What are the Testis?

A
  • made up of seroti and leydi cells
  • seroti: nurse
  • leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
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14
Q

What are the Testis?

A
  • made up of seroti and leydi cells
  • seroti: nurse
  • leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
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14
Q

What are the Testis?

A
  • made up of seroti and leydi cells
  • seroti: nurse
  • leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
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15
Q

What is the Ductus Deferen?

A
  • vas deferen
  • storage
  • store in a vase or some crap
  • thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
  • joins with seminal vesicle
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15
Q

What is the Ductus Deferen?

A
  • vas deferen
  • storage
  • store in a vase or some crap
  • thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
  • joins with seminal vesicle
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15
Q

What is the Ductus Deferen?

A
  • vas deferen
  • storage
  • store in a vase or some crap
  • thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
  • joins with seminal vesicle
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16
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.

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16
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.

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16
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.

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17
Q

What are the ducts?

A
  • ductus deferen (vas)
  • epididymis
  • ejaculatory duct
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17
Q

What are the ducts?

A
  • ductus deferen (vas)
  • epididymis
  • ejaculatory duct
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17
Q

What are the ducts?

A
  • ductus deferen (vas)
  • epididymis
  • ejaculatory duct
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18
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral gland
  • seminal vesicles
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18
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral gland
  • seminal vesicles
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18
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral gland
  • seminal vesicles
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19
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles

A
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
  • make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
  • enhance motility and fertilizing power
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19
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles

A
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
  • make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
  • enhance motility and fertilizing power
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19
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles

A
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
  • make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
  • enhance motility and fertilizing power
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20
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?

A
  • encircles the urethra
  • neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
  • clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
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20
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?

A
  • encircles the urethra
  • neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
  • clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
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20
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?

A
  • encircles the urethra
  • neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
  • clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
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21
Q

What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?

A
  • secretes lubricating mucus
  • neutralizes urethra.
  • sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
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21
Q

What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?

A
  • secretes lubricating mucus
  • neutralizes urethra.
  • sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
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21
Q

What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?

A
  • secretes lubricating mucus
  • neutralizes urethra.
  • sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
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22
Q

what is semen?

A
  • white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
  • clotting factors
  • prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
  • suppress immune response
  • alkaline
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22
Q

what is semen?

A
  • white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
  • clotting factors
  • prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
  • suppress immune response
  • alkaline
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22
Q

what is semen?

A
  • white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
  • clotting factors
  • prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
  • suppress immune response
  • alkaline
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23
Q

How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?

A

-inhibin inhibits FSH-

testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH

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23
Q

How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?

A

-inhibin inhibits FSH-

testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH

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23
Q

How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?

A

-inhibin inhibits FSH-

testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH

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24
Q

What is different between FSH and LH?

A
  • FSH: sertoli

- LH: leydig

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24
Q

What is different between FSH and LH?

A
  • FSH: sertoli

- LH: leydig

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24
Q

What is different between FSH and LH?

A
  • FSH: sertoli

- LH: leydig

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25
Q

What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?

A
  • prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
  • after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
  • reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
  • nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
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25
Q

What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?

A
  • prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
  • after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
  • reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
  • nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
25
Q

What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?

A
  • prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
  • after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
  • reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
  • nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
26
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce OVA (oogenesis)
  • get sperm
  • birth
  • lactation
26
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce OVA (oogenesis)
  • get sperm
  • birth
  • lactation
26
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce OVA (oogenesis)
  • get sperm
  • birth
  • lactation
27
Q

What is the ovary?

A
  • highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
  • ovarian follicle: oogenesis
  • granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
  • theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
    oocyte: female gamete
27
Q

What is the ovary?

A
  • highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
  • ovarian follicle: oogenesis
  • granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
  • theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
    oocyte: female gamete
27
Q

What is the ovary?

A
  • highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
  • ovarian follicle: oogenesis
  • granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
  • theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
    oocyte: female gamete
28
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?

A
  • primordial follicle,
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • graffian follicle-
  • corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
28
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?

A
  • primordial follicle,
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • graffian follicle-
  • corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
28
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?

A
  • primordial follicle,
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • graffian follicle-
  • corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
29
Q

What are the 3 uterine wall layers?

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
29
Q

What are the 3 uterine wall layers?

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
29
Q

What are the 3 uterine wall layers?

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
30
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
  • ovulation: release of ovum
  • luteal phase: corpora lutea
  • preparation for reproduction
30
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
  • ovulation: release of ovum
  • luteal phase: corpora lutea
  • preparation for reproduction
30
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
  • ovulation: release of ovum
  • luteal phase: corpora lutea
  • preparation for reproduction
31
Q

When does the menstrual phase occur?

A
  • coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase

- vaginal discharge of blood

31
Q

When does the menstrual phase occur?

A
  • coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase

- vaginal discharge of blood

31
Q

When does the menstrual phase occur?

A
  • coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase

- vaginal discharge of blood

32
Q

When does the proliferative phase occur?

A

-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN

32
Q

When does the proliferative phase occur?

A

-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN

32
Q

When does the proliferative phase occur?

A

-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN

33
Q

when does the secretory phase occur?

A
  • estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
  • progesterone
33
Q

when does the secretory phase occur?

A
  • estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
  • progesterone
33
Q

when does the secretory phase occur?

A
  • estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
  • progesterone
34
Q

What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?

A
  • LH: theca cells
  • FSH: granulosa cells
  • Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
  • progesterone: produced by luteal cells
34
Q

What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?

A
  • LH: theca cells
  • FSH: granulosa cells
  • Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
  • progesterone: produced by luteal cells
34
Q

What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?

A
  • LH: theca cells
  • FSH: granulosa cells
  • Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
  • progesterone: produced by luteal cells
35
Q

Production of estrogen?

A

LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)

35
Q

Production of estrogen?

A

LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)

35
Q

Production of estrogen?

A

LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)

36
Q

How are FSH and LH controlled?

A

negative feedback of estrogen

but also positive signals

36
Q

How are FSH and LH controlled?

A

negative feedback of estrogen

but also positive signals

36
Q

How are FSH and LH controlled?

A

negative feedback of estrogen

but also positive signals

37
Q

What is the signal of ovulation?

A

LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.

37
Q

What is the signal of ovulation?

A

LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.

37
Q

What is the signal of ovulation?

A

LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.

38
Q

What is the role of the LH surge?

A
  • halts estrogen synthesis
  • reinitiates mei I
  • triggers prostaglandin
38
Q

What is the role of the LH surge?

A
  • halts estrogen synthesis
  • reinitiates mei I
  • triggers prostaglandin
38
Q

What is the role of the LH surge?

A
  • halts estrogen synthesis
  • reinitiates mei I
  • triggers prostaglandin
39
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A
  • secreted by luteal cells
  • inhibits LH and FSH from AP
  • prepares for implantation
  • diminishes if implantation does not occur
39
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A
  • secreted by luteal cells
  • inhibits LH and FSH from AP
  • prepares for implantation
  • diminishes if implantation does not occur
39
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A
  • secreted by luteal cells
  • inhibits LH and FSH from AP
  • prepares for implantation
  • diminishes if implantation does not occur
40
Q

Steps in fertilization?

A
  • recognition
  • activation sperm
  • fusion of membranes
  • add. entry blocked
  • activation egg
  • fuse
40
Q

Steps in fertilization?

A
  • recognition
  • activation sperm
  • fusion of membranes
  • add. entry blocked
  • activation egg
  • fuse
40
Q

Steps in fertilization?

A
  • recognition
  • activation sperm
  • fusion of membranes
  • add. entry blocked
  • activation egg
  • fuse
41
Q

Where is the site of fertilization?

A
  • oviduct is fertilization site
  • must occur within 24 hours
  • sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
41
Q

Where is the site of fertilization?

A
  • oviduct is fertilization site
  • must occur within 24 hours
  • sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
41
Q

Where is the site of fertilization?

A
  • oviduct is fertilization site
  • must occur within 24 hours
  • sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
42
Q

Blocks to polyspermy?

A

2 mechanisms

  • fast: transient, membrane potential change
  • slow: calcium ions
42
Q

Blocks to polyspermy?

A

2 mechanisms

  • fast: transient, membrane potential change
  • slow: calcium ions
42
Q

Blocks to polyspermy?

A

2 mechanisms

  • fast: transient, membrane potential change
  • slow: calcium ions
43
Q

Early development?

A
  • zygotes becomes blastocyt
  • attaches to uterus, the endometrium
  • implantation
43
Q

Early development?

A
  • zygotes becomes blastocyt
  • attaches to uterus, the endometrium
  • implantation
43
Q

Early development?

A
  • zygotes becomes blastocyt
  • attaches to uterus, the endometrium
  • implantation
44
Q

Embryonic development?

A
  • blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
  • digest endometrial tissue
44
Q

Embryonic development?

A
  • blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
  • digest endometrial tissue
44
Q

Embryonic development?

A
  • blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
  • digest endometrial tissue
45
Q

What are pregnancy hormones?

A

-hCG

45
Q

What are pregnancy hormones?

A

-hCG

45
Q

What are pregnancy hormones?

A

-hCG

46
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

hCG/estrogen/progesterone

endocrine organ

46
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

hCG/estrogen/progesterone

endocrine organ

46
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

hCG/estrogen/progesterone

endocrine organ

47
Q

What is gestation?

A

-about 38 weeks

47
Q

What is gestation?

A

-about 38 weeks

47
Q

What is gestation?

A

-about 38 weeks

48
Q

What is parturition?

A
  • labor/delivery/birth
  • dilation
  • contraction
48
Q

What is parturition?

A
  • labor/delivery/birth
  • dilation
  • contraction
48
Q

What is parturition?

A
  • labor/delivery/birth
  • dilation
  • contraction
49
Q

Role of oxytocin?

A
  • stronger contraction
  • positive feedback
  • milk ejection
49
Q

Role of oxytocin?

A
  • stronger contraction
  • positive feedback
  • milk ejection
49
Q

Role of oxytocin?

A
  • stronger contraction
  • positive feedback
  • milk ejection

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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