Unit 3 Flashcards
T/F: The hormone erythropoietin is produced by the kidney.
True
The minimm volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration is termed the:
residual volume
T/F: The end-diastolic volume is the amount of blood in the ventricle after ventricular contraction
False
T/F: The heart muscle receives its oxygen and nutrients directly from the blood from within its chambers during ventricular diastole.
False
T/F: The skeletal muscle pump adds to the effect of gravity on the venous system.
False
The only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is what?
The AV node
What is the role of plasmin?
Disposes of fibrin
What is the primary form in which CO2 is transported in the blood?
as bicarbonate
T/F: Systemic venous PO2 is more than alveolar PO2, and systemic venous CO2 is less than alveolar CO2
FALSE
Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them:
i. secondary bronchi
ii. bronchioles
iii. primary bronchi
iv. alveoli
v. terminal bronchioles
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and alveoli
In muscles used for fine actions, such as controlling eye movement or use of the hand, a motor unit will have ____ muscle fibers when compared to a motor unit in muscles used for power and strength
very few
expiratory neurons
are stimulated by the inspiratory neurons and in turn inhibit the inspiratory neurons
____ is directly proportional to a pressure gradient and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases
flow of air
What is the end-diastolic volume?
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
What is ventricular excitation? What area of the ECG does it refer to?
- corresponds to the QRS complex
- beginning of ventricular systole
- increase in ventricular pressure
- AV valve closes
What are some notable non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system
- maintains acid/base balance
- removes, modifies, activates, and inactivates materials that pass through pulmonary circulation
The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in
preventing tetanus
The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is
end diastolic volume (EDV)
T/F: If the hematocrit is 47, that means that 53% of the whole blood consists of plasma and buffy coat.
True
Which ECG wave represents ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
T/F: Vasodilation of an arteriole increases blood flow through that vessel
True.
What is the globin portion of hemoglobin?
A polypeptide
What are functions of the lymphatic system?
Transport of excess fluid to the blood vascular system
Defense against disease
transportation of absorbed dietary fats
What is the role of the apneustic center?
it stimulated the inspiratory neurons
When does the percent of hemoglobin saturation increase and decrease?
percent hemoglobin saturation increases: as partial pressure of oxygen increases
percent hemoglobin saturation decreases: as partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases
Chambers which receive blood returning to the heart:
atria
The right half of the heart pumps blood through the _______ circuit and the left half pumps blood through the _______ circuit
pulmonary, systemic
These are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat
autorhythmic cells
What is the role of white blood cells?
to defend the body against foreign invasion
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on HR?
decrease Na and Ca permeability
Increase K permeability
Decrease HR
What is polycythemia?
Too many RBCs
primary- erythropoiesis excessive
secondary- erythropoietin-induced adaptive response to prolonged reduced O2 delivery (like going to Colorado)
T/F: Aggregated platelets release ADP, which causes other platelets to become sticky and adhere to platelet plug.
TRUE
If the connection between the AV node and bundle of His becomes blocked, what happens?
the ventricles will beat more slowly
the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because
it represents the driving pressure for blood flow
Increase blood volume yields what change in blood pressure?
increased blood presure
What are the types of anemia?
nutritional anemia- (ie. iron defic.)
pernicious anemia- (inability to absorbe vit B12)
aplastic anemia (failre of bone marrow to prod. RBC)
renal anemia- (erythropoietin)
hemorrhagic anemia (loss of blood)
hemolytic anemia- (ie. sickle cell)
Why does air move into the lungs
beause the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure
Which organ removes most of the worn-out red blood cells from circulation?
the spleen
What is ventricular repolarization? What area on the ECG does this correspond to?
- corresponds to T wave
- onset of diastole
- ventricular pressure
- aortic valve closes
T/F: The heart behaves like a suction pump to pull blood into the atria.
True
The term used to describe the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction is
stroke volume (SV)
T/F: Systemic venous partial pressure of oygen is less than alveolar partial pressure of oxygen, and systemic venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater than alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
TRUE
What can hemoglobin combine with?
Oxygen, CO2, H+, N2O, and CO
The plateau of the cardiac action potential results from the opening of voltage-gated slow ______ channels in the plasma membrane of the cardiac cell
calcium
T/F: If the hematocrit is 47, this means that 47% of the whole blood consists of plasma and buffy coat.
False
Agranulocytes include:
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
T/F: The homrone erythropoietin is produced by the bone marrow.
False
T/F: The hematocrit is lower than normal is anemia.
True
What is the result of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?
decreases the heart rate
decreases CA2+ permeability and thus decreases contractile strength
increases K+ permeability resulting in a hyperpolarizing effect at the SA node
Which vessels contain the highest percentage of total blood volume?
systemic veins
What does the QRS complex represent?
Depolarization of the ventricles
What influences arteriolar resistance?
local control (paracrine, myogenic)
sympathetic reflexes (neural)
and hormones (catecholamines, solute conc.)
What is the principle force that causes movement of fluid from the tissues into the capilarries?
osmotic pressure created by the plasma proteins
A motor unit refers to:
a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it innervates
These are the major resistive vessels of the vasculature due to their small radii
the arterioles
The amount of oxygen unloaded from hemoglobin at the tissue level increases when
PCO2 in the tissue increases
The concentration of BPG in the red blood cells increases
What are the chordae tendinae?
Tendon necessary for AV valves but not in semilunar valves.
What occurs during expiration when a person is breathing quietly?
the size of the thoracic cavity is reduced
the intra-alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure
air flows out of the lung
intra-pleural pressure is less than intra-alveolar pressure
Trachea and bronchi
are an air pathway
fairly rigid, lack muscles and supported by rings
What parameters are associated with increases resistance?
reduced flow
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called
the stroke volume
When the baroreceptors reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure
Peripheral resistance decreases
What is true of isometric ventricular contraction?
- ventricular pressure > aortic pressure to open aortic valve
- no blood enters or leaves
- muscle length doesn’t change
T/F: Blood entering the heart from the systemic circulation is poorly oxygenated.
True
T/F: When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs.
False
What conditions exist during the TP interval?
Ventricles are filling with blood
The AV valves are open
Aortic pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
Vascular resistance is related to:
length of a blood vessel
diameter of a blood vessel
nature of the blood flow
viscosity of the blood
Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them.
i. Right ventricle
ii. Left atrium.
iii. Right atrium
iv. Pulmonary artery.
v. left ventricle
vi. pulmonary vein
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle
T/F: Normally, the stroke volume of the right side of the heart is the same as the stroke volume of the left side of the heart.
True
The process of reabsorption and absorption is movement of protein-free plasma from the interstitil-fluid into capillaries.
True
Capillaries are best described as
miscroscopic vessels in which blood exchange material with the interstitial fluid
What does the term diastole mean?
Relaxation
What are found within erythrocytes?
Carbonic anhydrase, glycolytic enzymes, hemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions
T/F: The skeletal muscles for breathing are located in the walls of the thoracic cavity.
False
When does the aortic valve open?
When ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure
T/F: Veins are high volume vessels holding about 60% of the total blood volume at any moment
TRUE
What is cardiac output?
heart rate x stroke volume
blood pumped per minute
What is the direction of the impulse through the conduction system of the heart for each cardiac cycle?
SA node–> AV node—> Bundle of His —> Purkinje Fibers
What is Boyle’s Law?
P1V1= P2V2
What forces contribute to keeping the alveoli open?
transmural pressure gradient
pulmonary surfactant
alevolar interdependence
Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood clotting are the
fibrinogens
What is the result when blood flow is larger than air flow?
with vasodilation and bronchioconstriction:
high CO2 and low O2 in veins
high O2 and low CO2 in bronchioles
result: want to vasoconstrict/ bronchiodilate
What does increasing the overall surface area of the (red blood) cell do?
increases the rate of gas exchange
What are the role of collagen and elastin?
collagen: strength against high pressure from blood leaving heart
elastin: elasticity
What is the role of vasopressin and Ang II?
Vasopressin or ADH (from posterior pituitary) and Ang II increase arteriolar pressure by acting as vasoconstrictors
T/F: If the hematocrit is 47, this means that 47% of the whole blood consists of RBCs.
True
_______ electrically connect cardiac muscle cells to one another
Gap junctions
What are the lungs made of?
- elastic connective tissue
- only muscle in lungs is smooth muscle of bronchioles
What are arterioles?
the major resistive organ (small radii)
Where is carbonic anhydrase found and what does it do?
is found in the RBC
catalyzes the formation of carbonic cid from carbon dioxide and water
The dirving force of blood flow into the heart is a ___ gradient
pressure
The buffy coat, which represents less than 1% of the whole blood is composed of:
leukocytes and platelets
T/F: Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscles still possess thick and thin filaments
True
Increase blood-colloid osmotic pressure would result in what?
increased fluid absorption by the capillaries
The Mid-Ventricular diastole corresponds to what area on the ECG? What else is important about mid-ventricular diastole?
- TP interval (relax)
- Atrial pressure> ventricular
- AV valve open
- ventricular volume increases
What is the difference between the bone marrow in children and adults?
childhood- most bones contain red marrow
adulthood- sternum, ribs, upper ends of the long bones contain red marrow
T/F: The stroke volume of the right side of the heart is never the same as the stroke volume of the left side of the heart
False
What conduction pathways speed up conduction?
interatrial pathway- SA node to left atrium
internodal pathway- SA node to AV node
T/F: In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture.
True
T/F: The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
TRUE
What factors would increase peripheral resistance?
increased sympathetic stimulation
elevated levels of epinephrine
irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques
factors that cause-increased hematocrit
What divides the heart into left and right halves?
septum
T/F: Erythrocytes are able to utilize the oxygen they contain for their own ATP formation
FALSE
What are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes?
erythrocytes: RBC
leukoctes: WBC
thrombocytes: platelets
T/F: Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type I alveolar cells.
False
What is the T wave?
ventricular repolarization
T/F: When blood pressure falls below normal, parasympathetic activity is depressed and sympathetic activity is enhanced to bring blood pressure back to normal.
True
The volume of air that is breathed in and out during one cycle of ventilation is termed what?
the Tidal volume
What factor is most important in matching the blood flow through a specific tissue with the metabolic needs of that tissue?
Local changes within a tissue resulting from increased metabolic activity can produce local arteriolar vasodilation to allow more blood to flow into the tissue.
The breathing center initiates ventilation in response to what?
an increase in CO2
What does a heart rate increase mean for the time between action potentials?
Increased heart rate means less time between action potentials
Summation:
Results from increases in cytosolic calcium levels.
T/F: Erythrocytes are extremely pliant.
TRUE
What is true of the alveoli?
site og gas exchange
inflatable sacs
T/F: The skeletal muscle pump counteracts the effect of gravity on the venous system.
True
What advantages does the biconcavity of the erythrocyte impart on the cell?
it increases the overall surface area
The steep repolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion?
K+
What are type I alveolar cells?
They allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes
What is the QRS complex?
ventricular depolarization (also atrial repolarization)
What are metarterioles?
partially surrounded by smooth muscle
along with precapillary sphincters, direct blood flow
What is the difference between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?
pulmonary ventilation= Tidal Volume * Respiratory Rate
Alveolar Ventilation= (TV-dead space)*RR
T/F: The first step in homeostasis is the formation of a blood clot.
False
Where are there no valves?
No valves between atria and veins
T/F: The most important factor controlling respiration is the partial pressure of oxygen of the arterial blood detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors.
False
What is the PR segment?
AV nodal delay
What factor would produce th greatest change in blood flow?
doubling the radius of the vessel
What affects blood flow?
Pressure difference
Viscosity
Amount of friction in vessels
The length and diameter of blood vessels
Where is heart rate controlled?
medulla oblangata
What is the mean arterial pressure?
diastolic: 1/3 pulse pressure
average pressure driving blood forward
closer to diastolic than systolic because more time spent in diastole
T/F: Because there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscles do not possess thick and thin filaments
False
The end of the plateau phase is due to the ______ of Ca2+ channels and ________ of K+ channels
Closing, opening
T/F: Blood entering the heart from the pulmonary circulation is poorly oxygenated.
False
The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spread to adjacent cells through
gap junctions
What results in lymph flow?
no pump like heartr
elies on skeletal muscle and smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of the atrioventricular node?
to prevent the atria and ventricles from contracting simultaneously
What would a runner do to get more air?
bronchodilation (Result of increase in CO2)
increase in tidal volume (deep breathe)
What is the difference between mononuclear agranuloctyes and polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
mononuclear agranulocytes:
single nucleus, lack granules (monocytes, lymphocytes)
polymorphonuclear granulocytes:
multi-lobe nucleus, contain granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
What is the role of the pneumotaxic center?
It inhibits inspiratory activity
What is the result of sympathetic stimulation of the heart?
it increases the heart rate
increases CA2+ permeability and thus increases contractile strength
Decreases K+ permeability resulting in a depolarizing effect at the SA node
T/F: Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance
TRUE
The venous valves do what?
Passively close to prevent the backflow of blood in the veins
Norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors in order to
cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle
What makes cardiac muscle different?
uninucleate
connected via intercalated disk that contain desmosome (mechanical connection) and gap junction (electrical connection)
larger T tubules
smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum (depend on extracellular Ca)
1/3 volume are mitochondria
What is the role of NO and endothilin on arteries?
NO (nitric oxide) causes arteriolar vasodilation
Endothilin causes arteriolar vasconstriction
What causes the heart valves to open and close?
A pressure difference on the two sides of the valve
What is the most abundant type of cellular element in the blood?
Erythrocytes
What is alveolar surface tension?
caused by liquid that lines the alveolar surface
(water resists expansion of alveoli)
promotes constriction of alveoli
solution: SURFACTANT
Chambers which pump blood out into the arteries:
ventricles
After sensing a change in pressure, how does the rate of firing by afferent fibers react?
increased preasure: increased firing
decreased pressure: decreased firing
Where are platelets produced?
in the bone marrow
The end-systolic volume is
the volume of blood in the ventricle when ejection is complete
T/F: The heart muscle does not receive its oxygen and nutrients directly from the blood from within its chambers during ventricular diastole.
True
What is brachycardia and tachycardia?
brachycardia- slowed heart rate
tachycardia- rapid heart rate
T/F: Anemia refers to a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
True
Late ventricular diastole corresponds to what area of the ECG? What is true of late ventricular diastole?
- corresponds to P wave
- Atrial systole (further fills ventricle)
- ventricular pressure rises
- AV valve open still
The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is the
cardiac output (CO)
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activted by
the activation of a proenzyme (factor XII) exposed to collagen
T/F: The skeletal muscles for breathing are located in the walls of the lung.
False
T/F: Pulse pressure is the blood pressure monitored and regulated in the body.
False
T/F: The heart requires its own circulatory circuit to obtain oxygen and nutrients from the blood because it cannot obtain them from the blood being pumped in the chambers.
TRUE
What is systolic and diastolic pressure
systolic: max (120)
diastolic: min (80)
The vessels that serve as the major resistive vessels of the vasculature due to their small radii are the:
arterioles
The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of increasing Ca2+ _______ and decreasing K+ _______
influx, efflux
When is intra-alveolar pressure equal to atmospheric pressure?
At the end of the normal expiration when outward air flow has ceased.
What slowly dissolves clots?
Plasmin
What is hydostatic pressure?
Pressure exerted by a non-moving fluid
equally exerted in all directions
What is the state of the valves during the isovolumetric phase of ventricular systole?
the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed
Ventilation is initiated by the breathing centers in the brain in response to what
an increase in CO2
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on HR?
Increase Na and Ca permeability
Decrease K permeability
Increase HR
What will result in lower oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
INCREASED temperature
INCREASE in pCO2
INCREASE in acidity (H+)
INCREASE in BPG
What would increase the amount of oxygen diffusing from the lungs into the blood?
An increase in the binding rate of O2 to hemoglobin
A decrease in the partial pressure of O2 in the blood
What is true about blood pressure?
It is maximaul during ventricular systole
It decreases the farther away from the heart
It increases with increasing resistance
It decreases with increasing vessel diameter
T/F: According to the law of LaPlace, when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid, pressure in the one with the smaller diameter will be greater.
True
What chemicals are required for contraction of smooth muscle fibers?
Calcium, calmodulin, phosphate, and ATP
What does pulmonary ventilation refer to?
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What happens when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract?
the volume of the thorax increases
What is the role of the aortic valve?
Prevent the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole
The end of the plateau phase of the myocardial contractile cells is due to the _____ of Ca2+ channels and ______ of K+ channels
closing, opening
T/F: In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the most dominant gas partial pressures in the mixture.
False
T/F: A platelet plug releases chemicals that cause injured vessels to dilate
FALSE. (causes injured vessels to constrict)
T/F: increased venous return is encouraged by vasodilation
FALSE (vasoconstriction)
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
return of excess fluid
defense against disease
transportation of absorbed fats
return of filtered proteins
Where does electrical activity occur at the AV node?
Between the P wave and QRS complex.
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after expiration is termed the:
inspiratory capacity
What factors produce an OUTWARD pressure from the capillaries into the interstitial space on the blood vessels?
capillary blood pressure
interstitial fluid-colloid osmotic pressure
T/F: Platelets adhere to normal vascular surfaces
FALSE
normal expirations are brough on by
elastic recoil of inspiratory muscles
T/F: Vasoconstriction of a vein increases blood flow through that vessel.
True.
What are the different types of capillaries?
- continuous capillaries: joined by leaky junction
- fenestrated capillaries: swiss cheese, large pores
- sinusoids: largest pores.
T/F: Mean arterial pressure is the blood pressure monitored and regulated in the body.
True
What acts as a blood reservoir because they have the capacity to store large volumes of blood with little change in their internal pressure.
The veins
What plays a critical role in determing the total amount of O2 that is exchanged because it acts as a storage depot, removing dissolved O2, and thus keeping the PO2 low so that net diffusion is allowed to continue
hemoglobin
Blood flow in the vascular tree follows what path?
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
T/F: The most important factor controlling respiration is the partial pressure of CO2 of the arterial blood detected indirectly by the central chemoreceptors in the CNS.
True
What is resistance?
a measure of the hindrance to blood flow through a vessel caused by friction between the moving fluid stationary vascular walls
it increases sixteen fold when the radius is reduced by one half (one over two to the fourth)
The ______ receives most of its blood supply during ventricular diastole by the means of the coronary circulation
cardiac muscle
What is the equation relating EDV, ESV and SV?
SV= EDV-ESV
This is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups.
Hemoglobin
The walls of the veins contain smooth muscle innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers. Sympathetic stimulation ____ venous pressure and drive _____ blood into the heart
increases, more
What is the difference between the two AV valves?
right side: tricuspid (RST)
left side: mitral
Both located between atrium and ventricles
The progressive wave of ventricular depolarization corresponds to what?
The QRS complex of ECG
T/F: Erythrocytes do not contain any organelles
TRUE
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
alveoli
T/F: There are no valves lying between the atria and the veins.
TRUE
T/F: Systemic venous PO2 is less than alveolar PO2 and systemic venous CO2 is greater than alveolar CO2
TRUE
What is the result of the pontine respiratory group?
prevents inspiratory neurons from being turned off to increase the duration of inspiration
inhibits inspiratory activity to limit the duration of inspiration
What factors affect venous return?
- sympathetically induced venous vasoconstriction
- skeletal muscle activity
- respiratory activity
What happens during isovolumetric ventricular contraction
no blood enters or leaves the ventricles
What does boyle’s law state
that gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure
What is the larynx?
voice box
located at entrance to trachea
vocal folds close off during swallowing
What is the role of surfactant?
It prevents the alveoli from collapsing
What is endothelium?
inner most layer of all blood vessels which regulats blood pressure through paracrines
What is active hyperemia?
Increase in blood flow accompanies an increase in metabolic activity
What change in intrapleual pressure results in ventilatio?
when thoracic cage expands, there is a larger negative pressure in pleural cavity.
inspiration leads to equilibirum
Which ECG wave represents ventricular repolarization?
T wave
What is true about material exchange through capillaries?
proteins move via transcytosis (Vesicular transport)
lip soluble substances/ small gases pass easily
When a person who lives in a city at sea level vacations in the high altitude of the rocky mountains, you would expect to observe an increase in
his/her red blood cell count
T/F: Vasoconstriction of an arteriole increases blood flow through that vessel.
False
Where are valves found in the heart?
between the atria and ventricles
between the ventricles and arteries
Which of the following factors produce an inward pressure from the interstitial space into the capillaries on the blood vessels?
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
These are the site of exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues
the capillaries
What is the primary stimulus for the release of erythropoietin?
hypoxemia
low oxygen levels in the tissues
T/F: Vasoconstriction refers to a decrease in the radius of a vessel.
True
What is the difference between the two semilunar valves?
Leaving left ventricle is called aortic valve
Leaving right ventricle is called pulmonary valve
They both lie at the junction between arteries and ventricles
What are reconditioning organs?
Organs that receive blood flow in excess of their own needs (blood reservoir)
They are also organs that provide nutrients and remove waste and heat
As the arterial system leaves the heart, the vessels
become smaller in diameter
T/F: When blood pressure falls below normal, sympathetic activity is depressed and parasympathetic activity is enhanced to bring blood pressure back to normal.
False
T/F: Erythrocytes originate from the same undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells as leukocytes and platelets.
TRUE
What is colloid-osmotic pressure?
The pressure created by the presence of proteins
What is capillary blood pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure on the inside of the capillary wall by the blood
37 on arteriole side
17 on venule side
pushes fluid out of capillary pore into IF
Why can’t tetany occur in the heart?
The refractory period in cardiac muscle lasts almost as long as the duration of the resultant contraction
T/F: Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type II alveolar cells.
True
What is true of bronchioles?
they lack cartilage rings but have smooth muscle
regulated by ANS (hormones/chemicals
regulate air passage
T/F: The AV node is the pacemaker of the heart
False
What does the term systole mean?
Contraction
The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contracile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of _______ K+ permeability and ________ Ca2+ permeability
Decreasing, increasing
What is the role of surfactant?
it is made of lipids and proteins
it lowers alveolar surface tension
increases compliance and lowers recoil
Helps equilibrate pressure between differnt size alveoli
Blood returning from the systemic circulation:
enters the ____ atrium
is ______ oxygenated
Blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium and is poorly oxygenated.
The final immature red cell matured within 24 hours
reticulocytes
What causes muscle fatigue?
Lactic acid accumulation
Depletion of ATP
Depletion of Ach
T/F: The end-diastolic volume is the maximum amount of blood in the ventricle after ventricular filling is complete
True
Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with
calmodulin
The process of reabsorption and absorption occurs when the blood-colloid osmotic pressure plus interstitial-fluid hydrostatic pressure exceeds capillary blood pressure plus interstitial-fluid-colloid osmotic pressure
True
What are lymph vessels?
make up lymphatic system which empties into venous system near right atrium
lymph nodes are located at important entrances openings
This occurs when the capillary blood pressure plus interstitial-fluid-colloid osmotic pressure exceed the blood-colloid osmotic pressure plus interstitial-fluid hydrostatic pressure.
The process of filtration and ultrafiltration
the lungs are enclosed in ______
pleural membranes
What does hemoglobin consist of?
Consists of a protein made up of four highly folded polypeptide chains and four iron-containing non-protein, nitrogenous groups
Through which valve would blood travel to enter the pulmonary circuit of the circulatory system?
pulmonary valve
Vessels which return blood to heart are
veins
What is anemia?
below normal O2 carrying capacity, less hematocrit
caused by:
excessive loss of RBC
decreased rate of erythropoiesis
deficiency in hemoglobin content
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases
T/F: Increased venous return is enhanced by salt retention.
TRUE
Why does air move out of the lungs?
Because the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration
T/F: Alveolar partial pressure for oxygen is higher following inspiration than following expiration
True
What is accomplished by thrombonin?
stimulates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
activates factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor)
enhances platelet aggregation
acts in positive-feedback fashion to facilitate its own formation
When the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norE what is the result at the alpha1 receptors and beta2 receptors?
alpha1: vasoconstriction
beta2: vasodilation
What is true of the lymphatic system?
does not have its own pump like the heart
relies on the skeletal muscle pump ti circulate lymph fluid
empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles
has lymph nodes positioned strategically where immunologically active cells interact with lymph
What is isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?
Both AV and aortic valves are closed
No blood enters or leaves
What is ventricular filling?
- ventricular pressure< atrial pressure
- AV valve opens
Why do inspiratory events occur?
Because the air pressure in the alveoli is less than that of the atmospher
And because the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
What does alveolar ventilation refer to?
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Where is hemoglobin found and what does it carry?
Found in the erythrocytes and carrys oxygen
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
What are the two types of muscle cells?
- contracile cells: mechanical work
- autorhythmic: pacemakers, initiate and conduct APs
Where are the baroreceptors located? What are they sensitive to?
in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch
sensitive to change in MAP and pulse pressure
T/F: When blood pressure becomes elevated, parasympathetic activity is depressed and sympathetic activity is enhanced to bring blood pressure back to normal.
False
T/F: Vasodilation of a vein increases blood flow through that vessel
False
The pressure measured in the arteries just after the ventricular ejection of blood is
systolic pressure
T/F: The process of filtration and ultrafiltration is movement of protein-free plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.
True
Granulocytes include:
basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils (BEN)
What is the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can
residual volume
What is plasma-colloid osmotic pressure?
increased protein concentration leads to movement of H2O from IF to capillaries
The vessels that serve as the site of material exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues are the:
capillaries
The Frank-Starling law describes what phenomena?
The inherent ability of the heart to pump out the amount of blood that is returned to it
The hearts intrinsic ability to pump out the amount of blood that is returned to it
T/F: When arterial pressure falls, veins are ause to constrict by sympathetic activity, shifting blood to the arterial circulation and pressure
TRUE
Blood pressure is determined by
measuring the force exterted by blood in a vessel against air in a closed cuff
When blood flow to an area of the lungs is reduced but the area receives normal air flow all of the following occur:
the concentration of CO2 in this area will be decreased
The refractory period of cardiac muscle
lasts almost as long ast the contraction period
is much longer tan the refractory period in skeletal muscle
What is true of Ca and K permeability during the plateau phase?
Decrease K permeability and increase Ca permeability.
Decreased K efflux and Ca influx creates plateau
T/F: Vasodilation refers to a decrease in the radius of a vessel
False
What is the most prevalent protein in plasma?
What are the role of the plasma proteins
(fibrinogen, albumin, globulin, transferrin)
albumin is most prevalent- responsible for transport/binding
globulins- regulatory, transport, clotting, immune response
fibrinogen- key in blood clotting
transferrin- iron transporting protein
Resistance increases when radius and viscosity increase or decrease?
Resistance increases when radius decreases and viscosity increases.
in order to increase blood flow to a tissue:
increase blood volume
decrease vessel diameter
increase blood pressure
decrease peripheral resistance
What is the P wave?
depolarization of the atria
What are the names for bulk flow into and out of the capillary?
plasma out of capillaries (filtration)
interstitial fluid into capillaries (absorption)
*bulk flow is mass movement as a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients
An increase in PO2 woulc cause what to the bronchioles/systemic arterioles
Would cause the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to dilate
What is net pressure? On which side of the capillary does filtration and absorption take place (normally)
net pressure= hydrostatic pressure- colloid osmotic pressure
net filtration on the arteriole side, net absorption on the venule side.
T/F: The thick filament of the myofibril contains actin molecules whereas myosin is the protein found in the thin filaments.
False
Blood returning from the lungs enters the _____ atrium
Blood returning from the lungs enters the left atrium
What is hematocrit?
the ratio of red blood cells to the total blood volume
the packed cell volume
also indicates anemia
What is true about the pacemaker potential?
depolarization initiated primarily by Ca, first T type (reach threshold) then L type.
Sodium (If) leak channels help tend towards depolarization
Reason for AP without neural input
What is reactive hyperemia?
Increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow
What two forces hold the thoracic wall and long in close opposition?
intrapleural fluid cohesiveness
pressure gradient between lungs and intrapleural space
The pressure measured in the arteries just before the next ventricular ejection of blood is:
Diastolic pressure
What is in control of differentiation of blood cells?
cytokines
all blood cells come from precursor in bone marrow
When intra-alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure what happens?
Air will flow out of the lungs
What factors aid venous return to the heart?
sympathetic stimulation increases venous pressure
skeletal muscle pump squeezes blood through the veins
respiratory pump provides a pressure gradient between the lower and chest veins
venous valves prevent backflow of blood
What happens during inspiration?
intra-alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure
the diaphragm contracts
the external intercstal muscles contract
Where does hemoglobin combine with oxygen?
at the lungs
Heart and venous valves serve a similar function. They prevent a _____ flow of blood
Backwar
T/F: Resistance equals gas flow over pressure gradient
FALSE (R= deltaP/ G)
What is the ST segment?
plateau phase of ventricular contractile cells
What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
the pulse pressure
T/F: Increased venous return occurs when the heart has greater contractility
TRUE
What is plasma?
responsible for heat absorb/distr.
92% water
7% proteins
1% other
When would the level of erythropoietin in the blood rise?
During anemia
At high altitudes
As a consequence of hemorrhage
When blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted
What is true of ventricular ejection?
- ventricular pressure> aortic pressure so aortic valve opens
- ventricular volume decreases
- volume ejected is stroke volume
Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart
bundle of his
internodal pathways
purkinje fibers
atrioventricular node
sinoatrial node
sinoatrial node, internodal pathways, atrioventricular node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers
T/F: If heart rate increases, diastole time increases and this affects the fill volume.
FALSE.
If heart rate increases, diastole time decreases… BUT this doesn’t affect the fill volume.
