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Human Physiology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The hormone erythropoietin is produced by the kidney.

A

True

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2
Q

The minimm volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration is termed the:

A

residual volume

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3
Q

T/F: The end-diastolic volume is the amount of blood in the ventricle after ventricular contraction

A

False

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3
Q

T/F: The heart muscle receives its oxygen and nutrients directly from the blood from within its chambers during ventricular diastole.

A

False

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3
Q

T/F: The skeletal muscle pump adds to the effect of gravity on the venous system.

A

False

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3
Q

The only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is what?

A

The AV node

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3
Q

What is the role of plasmin?

A

Disposes of fibrin

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3
Q

What is the primary form in which CO2 is transported in the blood?

A

as bicarbonate

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3
Q

T/F: Systemic venous PO2 is more than alveolar PO2, and systemic venous CO2 is less than alveolar CO2

A

FALSE

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3
Q

Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them:

i. secondary bronchi
ii. bronchioles
iii. primary bronchi
iv. alveoli
v. terminal bronchioles

A

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and alveoli

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3
Q

In muscles used for fine actions, such as controlling eye movement or use of the hand, a motor unit will have ____ muscle fibers when compared to a motor unit in muscles used for power and strength

A

very few

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3
Q

expiratory neurons

A

are stimulated by the inspiratory neurons and in turn inhibit the inspiratory neurons

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3
Q

____ is directly proportional to a pressure gradient and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases

A

flow of air

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3
Q

What is the end-diastolic volume?

A

The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

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3
Q

What is ventricular excitation? What area of the ECG does it refer to?

A
  • corresponds to the QRS complex
  • beginning of ventricular systole
  • increase in ventricular pressure
  • AV valve closes
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3
Q

What are some notable non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system

A
  • maintains acid/base balance
  • removes, modifies, activates, and inactivates materials that pass through pulmonary circulation
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4
Q

The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in

A

preventing tetanus

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5
Q

The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is

A

end diastolic volume (EDV)

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6
Q

T/F: If the hematocrit is 47, that means that 53% of the whole blood consists of plasma and buffy coat.

A

True

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6
Q

Which ECG wave represents ventricular depolarization?

A

QRS complex

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6
Q

T/F: Vasodilation of an arteriole increases blood flow through that vessel

A

True.

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6
Q

What is the globin portion of hemoglobin?

A

A polypeptide

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6
Q

What are functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Transport of excess fluid to the blood vascular system

Defense against disease

transportation of absorbed dietary fats

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6
Q

What is the role of the apneustic center?

A

it stimulated the inspiratory neurons

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6
Q

When does the percent of hemoglobin saturation increase and decrease?

A

percent hemoglobin saturation increases: as partial pressure of oxygen increases

percent hemoglobin saturation decreases: as partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases

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6
Q

Chambers which receive blood returning to the heart:

A

atria

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6
Q

The right half of the heart pumps blood through the _______ circuit and the left half pumps blood through the _______ circuit

A

pulmonary, systemic

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6
Q

These are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat

A

autorhythmic cells

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6
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

to defend the body against foreign invasion

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6
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on HR?

A

decrease Na and Ca permeability

Increase K permeability

Decrease HR

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6
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Too many RBCs

primary- erythropoiesis excessive

secondary- erythropoietin-induced adaptive response to prolonged reduced O2 delivery (like going to Colorado)

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7
Q

T/F: Aggregated platelets release ADP, which causes other platelets to become sticky and adhere to platelet plug.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

If the connection between the AV node and bundle of His becomes blocked, what happens?

A

the ventricles will beat more slowly

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9
Q

the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because

A

it represents the driving pressure for blood flow

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9
Q

Increase blood volume yields what change in blood pressure?

A

increased blood presure

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9
Q

What are the types of anemia?

A

nutritional anemia- (ie. iron defic.)

pernicious anemia- (inability to absorbe vit B12)

aplastic anemia (failre of bone marrow to prod. RBC)

renal anemia- (erythropoietin)

hemorrhagic anemia (loss of blood)

hemolytic anemia- (ie. sickle cell)

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10
Q

Why does air move into the lungs

A

beause the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure

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12
Q

Which organ removes most of the worn-out red blood cells from circulation?

A

the spleen

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13
Q

What is ventricular repolarization? What area on the ECG does this correspond to?

A
  • corresponds to T wave
  • onset of diastole
  • ventricular pressure
  • aortic valve closes
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14
Q

T/F: The heart behaves like a suction pump to pull blood into the atria.

A

True

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15
Q

The term used to describe the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction is

A

stroke volume (SV)

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16
Q

T/F: Systemic venous partial pressure of oygen is less than alveolar partial pressure of oxygen, and systemic venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater than alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What can hemoglobin combine with?

A

Oxygen, CO2, H+, N2O, and CO

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16
Q

The plateau of the cardiac action potential results from the opening of voltage-gated slow ______ channels in the plasma membrane of the cardiac cell

A

calcium

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17
Q

T/F: If the hematocrit is 47, this means that 47% of the whole blood consists of plasma and buffy coat.

A

False

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18
Q

Agranulocytes include:

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

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20
Q

T/F: The homrone erythropoietin is produced by the bone marrow.

A

False

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21
Q

T/F: The hematocrit is lower than normal is anemia.

A

True

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22
Q

What is the result of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

A

decreases the heart rate

decreases CA2+ permeability and thus decreases contractile strength

increases K+ permeability resulting in a hyperpolarizing effect at the SA node

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23
Q

Which vessels contain the highest percentage of total blood volume?

A

systemic veins

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24
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Depolarization of the ventricles

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24
Q

What influences arteriolar resistance?

A

local control (paracrine, myogenic)

sympathetic reflexes (neural)

and hormones (catecholamines, solute conc.)

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25
Q

What is the principle force that causes movement of fluid from the tissues into the capilarries?

A

osmotic pressure created by the plasma proteins

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26
Q

A motor unit refers to:

A

a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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27
Q

These are the major resistive vessels of the vasculature due to their small radii

A

the arterioles

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27
Q

The amount of oxygen unloaded from hemoglobin at the tissue level increases when

A

PCO2 in the tissue increases

The concentration of BPG in the red blood cells increases

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28
Q

What are the chordae tendinae?

A

Tendon necessary for AV valves but not in semilunar valves.

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29
Q

What occurs during expiration when a person is breathing quietly?

A

the size of the thoracic cavity is reduced

the intra-alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure

air flows out of the lung

intra-pleural pressure is less than intra-alveolar pressure

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30
Q

Trachea and bronchi

A

are an air pathway

fairly rigid, lack muscles and supported by rings

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31
Q

What parameters are associated with increases resistance?

A

reduced flow

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32
Q

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called

A

the stroke volume

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32
Q

When the baroreceptors reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure

A

Peripheral resistance decreases

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32
Q

What is true of isometric ventricular contraction?

A
  • ventricular pressure > aortic pressure to open aortic valve
  • no blood enters or leaves
  • muscle length doesn’t change
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33
Q

T/F: Blood entering the heart from the systemic circulation is poorly oxygenated.

A

True

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34
Q

T/F: When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs.

A

False

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35
Q

What conditions exist during the TP interval?

A

Ventricles are filling with blood

The AV valves are open

Aortic pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

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36
Q

Vascular resistance is related to:

A

length of a blood vessel

diameter of a blood vessel

nature of the blood flow

viscosity of the blood

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37
Q

Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them.

i. Right ventricle
ii. Left atrium.
iii. Right atrium
iv. Pulmonary artery.
v. left ventricle
vi. pulmonary vein

A

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle

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39
Q

T/F: Normally, the stroke volume of the right side of the heart is the same as the stroke volume of the left side of the heart.

A

True

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40
Q

The process of reabsorption and absorption is movement of protein-free plasma from the interstitil-fluid into capillaries.

A

True

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41
Q

Capillaries are best described as

A

miscroscopic vessels in which blood exchange material with the interstitial fluid

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42
Q

What does the term diastole mean?

A

Relaxation

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43
Q

What are found within erythrocytes?

A

Carbonic anhydrase, glycolytic enzymes, hemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions

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44
Q

T/F: The skeletal muscles for breathing are located in the walls of the thoracic cavity.

A

False

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45
Q

When does the aortic valve open?

A

When ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure

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46
Q

T/F: Veins are high volume vessels holding about 60% of the total blood volume at any moment

A

TRUE

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46
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

blood pumped per minute

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47
Q

What is the direction of the impulse through the conduction system of the heart for each cardiac cycle?

A

SA node–> AV node—> Bundle of His —> Purkinje Fibers

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48
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

P1V1= P2V2

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49
Q

What forces contribute to keeping the alveoli open?

A

transmural pressure gradient

pulmonary surfactant

alevolar interdependence

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49
Q

Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood clotting are the

A

fibrinogens

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50
Q

What is the result when blood flow is larger than air flow?

A

with vasodilation and bronchioconstriction:

high CO2 and low O2 in veins

high O2 and low CO2 in bronchioles

result: want to vasoconstrict/ bronchiodilate

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51
Q

What does increasing the overall surface area of the (red blood) cell do?

A

increases the rate of gas exchange

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52
Q

What are the role of collagen and elastin?

A

collagen: strength against high pressure from blood leaving heart
elastin: elasticity

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53
Q

What is the role of vasopressin and Ang II?

A

Vasopressin or ADH (from posterior pituitary) and Ang II increase arteriolar pressure by acting as vasoconstrictors

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54
Q

T/F: If the hematocrit is 47, this means that 47% of the whole blood consists of RBCs.

A

True

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55
Q

_______ electrically connect cardiac muscle cells to one another

A

Gap junctions

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56
Q

What are the lungs made of?

A
  • elastic connective tissue
  • only muscle in lungs is smooth muscle of bronchioles
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57
Q

What are arterioles?

A

the major resistive organ (small radii)

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58
Q

Where is carbonic anhydrase found and what does it do?

A

is found in the RBC

catalyzes the formation of carbonic cid from carbon dioxide and water

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59
Q

The dirving force of blood flow into the heart is a ___ gradient

A

pressure

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60
Q

The buffy coat, which represents less than 1% of the whole blood is composed of:

A

leukocytes and platelets

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61
Q

T/F: Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscles still possess thick and thin filaments

A

True

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61
Q

Increase blood-colloid osmotic pressure would result in what?

A

increased fluid absorption by the capillaries

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62
Q

The Mid-Ventricular diastole corresponds to what area on the ECG? What else is important about mid-ventricular diastole?

A
  • TP interval (relax)
  • Atrial pressure> ventricular
  • AV valve open
  • ventricular volume increases
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63
Q

What is the difference between the bone marrow in children and adults?

A

childhood- most bones contain red marrow

adulthood- sternum, ribs, upper ends of the long bones contain red marrow

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64
Q

T/F: The stroke volume of the right side of the heart is never the same as the stroke volume of the left side of the heart

A

False

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65
Q

What conduction pathways speed up conduction?

A

interatrial pathway- SA node to left atrium

internodal pathway- SA node to AV node

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67
Q

T/F: In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture.

A

True

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68
Q

T/F: The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

A

TRUE

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69
Q

What factors would increase peripheral resistance?

A

increased sympathetic stimulation

elevated levels of epinephrine

irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques

factors that cause-increased hematocrit

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70
Q

What divides the heart into left and right halves?

A

septum

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71
Q

T/F: Erythrocytes are able to utilize the oxygen they contain for their own ATP formation

A

FALSE

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71
Q

What are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes?

A

erythrocytes: RBC
leukoctes: WBC
thrombocytes: platelets

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72
Q

T/F: Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type I alveolar cells.

A

False

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73
Q

What is the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

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74
Q

T/F: When blood pressure falls below normal, parasympathetic activity is depressed and sympathetic activity is enhanced to bring blood pressure back to normal.

A

True

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76
Q

The volume of air that is breathed in and out during one cycle of ventilation is termed what?

A

the Tidal volume

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78
Q

What factor is most important in matching the blood flow through a specific tissue with the metabolic needs of that tissue?

A

Local changes within a tissue resulting from increased metabolic activity can produce local arteriolar vasodilation to allow more blood to flow into the tissue.

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79
Q

The breathing center initiates ventilation in response to what?

A

an increase in CO2

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80
Q

What does a heart rate increase mean for the time between action potentials?

A

Increased heart rate means less time between action potentials

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81
Q

Summation:

A

Results from increases in cytosolic calcium levels.

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82
Q

T/F: Erythrocytes are extremely pliant.

A

TRUE

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83
Q

What is true of the alveoli?

A

site og gas exchange

inflatable sacs

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84
Q

T/F: The skeletal muscle pump counteracts the effect of gravity on the venous system.

A

True

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86
Q

What advantages does the biconcavity of the erythrocyte impart on the cell?

A

it increases the overall surface area

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87
Q

The steep repolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion?

A

K+

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88
Q

What are type I alveolar cells?

A

They allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes

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88
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization (also atrial repolarization)

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88
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

partially surrounded by smooth muscle

along with precapillary sphincters, direct blood flow

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88
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

A

pulmonary ventilation= Tidal Volume * Respiratory Rate

Alveolar Ventilation= (TV-dead space)*RR

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89
Q

T/F: The first step in homeostasis is the formation of a blood clot.

A

False

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90
Q

Where are there no valves?

A

No valves between atria and veins

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91
Q

T/F: The most important factor controlling respiration is the partial pressure of oxygen of the arterial blood detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors.

A

False

92
Q

What is the PR segment?

A

AV nodal delay

93
Q

What factor would produce th greatest change in blood flow?

A

doubling the radius of the vessel

94
Q

What affects blood flow?

A

Pressure difference

Viscosity

Amount of friction in vessels

The length and diameter of blood vessels

95
Q

Where is heart rate controlled?

A

medulla oblangata

95
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

diastolic: 1/3 pulse pressure

average pressure driving blood forward

closer to diastolic than systolic because more time spent in diastole

96
Q

T/F: Because there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscles do not possess thick and thin filaments

A

False

97
Q

The end of the plateau phase is due to the ______ of Ca2+ channels and ________ of K+ channels

A

Closing, opening

98
Q

T/F: Blood entering the heart from the pulmonary circulation is poorly oxygenated.

A

False

100
Q

The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spread to adjacent cells through

A

gap junctions

101
Q

What results in lymph flow?

A

no pump like heartr

elies on skeletal muscle and smooth muscle contraction

102
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular node?

A

to prevent the atria and ventricles from contracting simultaneously

103
Q

What would a runner do to get more air?

A

bronchodilation (Result of increase in CO2)

increase in tidal volume (deep breathe)

104
Q

What is the difference between mononuclear agranuloctyes and polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A

mononuclear agranulocytes:

single nucleus, lack granules (monocytes, lymphocytes)

polymorphonuclear granulocytes:

multi-lobe nucleus, contain granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

106
Q

What is the role of the pneumotaxic center?

A

It inhibits inspiratory activity

108
Q

What is the result of sympathetic stimulation of the heart?

A

it increases the heart rate

increases CA2+ permeability and thus increases contractile strength

Decreases K+ permeability resulting in a depolarizing effect at the SA node

109
Q

T/F: Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance

A

TRUE

111
Q

The venous valves do what?

A

Passively close to prevent the backflow of blood in the veins

112
Q

Norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors in order to

A

cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle

113
Q

What makes cardiac muscle different?

A

uninucleate

connected via intercalated disk that contain desmosome (mechanical connection) and gap junction (electrical connection)

larger T tubules

smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum (depend on extracellular Ca)

1/3 volume are mitochondria

113
Q

What is the role of NO and endothilin on arteries?

A

NO (nitric oxide) causes arteriolar vasodilation

Endothilin causes arteriolar vasconstriction

114
Q

What causes the heart valves to open and close?

A

A pressure difference on the two sides of the valve

115
Q

What is the most abundant type of cellular element in the blood?

A

Erythrocytes

116
Q

What is alveolar surface tension?

A

caused by liquid that lines the alveolar surface

(water resists expansion of alveoli)

promotes constriction of alveoli

solution: SURFACTANT

117
Q

Chambers which pump blood out into the arteries:

A

ventricles

118
Q

After sensing a change in pressure, how does the rate of firing by afferent fibers react?

A

increased preasure: increased firing

decreased pressure: decreased firing

119
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

in the bone marrow

120
Q

The end-systolic volume is

A

the volume of blood in the ventricle when ejection is complete

122
Q

T/F: The heart muscle does not receive its oxygen and nutrients directly from the blood from within its chambers during ventricular diastole.

A

True

123
Q

What is brachycardia and tachycardia?

A

brachycardia- slowed heart rate

tachycardia- rapid heart rate

126
Q

T/F: Anemia refers to a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

A

True

127
Q

Late ventricular diastole corresponds to what area of the ECG? What is true of late ventricular diastole?

A
  • corresponds to P wave
  • Atrial systole (further fills ventricle)
  • ventricular pressure rises
  • AV valve open still
129
Q

The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is the

A

cardiac output (CO)

130
Q

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activted by

A

the activation of a proenzyme (factor XII) exposed to collagen

131
Q

T/F: The skeletal muscles for breathing are located in the walls of the lung.

A

False

133
Q

T/F: Pulse pressure is the blood pressure monitored and regulated in the body.

A

False

134
Q

T/F: The heart requires its own circulatory circuit to obtain oxygen and nutrients from the blood because it cannot obtain them from the blood being pumped in the chambers.

A

TRUE

135
Q

What is systolic and diastolic pressure

A

systolic: max (120)
diastolic: min (80)

136
Q

The vessels that serve as the major resistive vessels of the vasculature due to their small radii are the:

A

arterioles

137
Q

The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of increasing Ca2+ _______ and decreasing K+ _______

A

influx, efflux

138
Q

When is intra-alveolar pressure equal to atmospheric pressure?

A

At the end of the normal expiration when outward air flow has ceased.

139
Q

What slowly dissolves clots?

A

Plasmin

140
Q

What is hydostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a non-moving fluid

equally exerted in all directions

141
Q

What is the state of the valves during the isovolumetric phase of ventricular systole?

A

the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed

145
Q

Ventilation is initiated by the breathing centers in the brain in response to what

A

an increase in CO2

146
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on HR?

A

Increase Na and Ca permeability

Decrease K permeability

Increase HR

148
Q

What will result in lower oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?

A

INCREASED temperature

INCREASE in pCO2

INCREASE in acidity (H+)

INCREASE in BPG

150
Q

What would increase the amount of oxygen diffusing from the lungs into the blood?

A

An increase in the binding rate of O2 to hemoglobin

A decrease in the partial pressure of O2 in the blood

151
Q

What is true about blood pressure?

A

It is maximaul during ventricular systole

It decreases the farther away from the heart

It increases with increasing resistance

It decreases with increasing vessel diameter

152
Q

T/F: According to the law of LaPlace, when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid, pressure in the one with the smaller diameter will be greater.

A

True

153
Q

What chemicals are required for contraction of smooth muscle fibers?

A

Calcium, calmodulin, phosphate, and ATP

154
Q

What does pulmonary ventilation refer to?

A

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

155
Q

What happens when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract?

A

the volume of the thorax increases

156
Q

What is the role of the aortic valve?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole

157
Q

The end of the plateau phase of the myocardial contractile cells is due to the _____ of Ca2+ channels and ______ of K+ channels

A

closing, opening

159
Q

T/F: In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the most dominant gas partial pressures in the mixture.

A

False

160
Q

T/F: A platelet plug releases chemicals that cause injured vessels to dilate

A

FALSE. (causes injured vessels to constrict)

161
Q

T/F: increased venous return is encouraged by vasodilation

A

FALSE (vasoconstriction)

162
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

return of excess fluid

defense against disease

transportation of absorbed fats

return of filtered proteins

163
Q

Where does electrical activity occur at the AV node?

A

Between the P wave and QRS complex.

164
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after expiration is termed the:

A

inspiratory capacity

165
Q

What factors produce an OUTWARD pressure from the capillaries into the interstitial space on the blood vessels?

A

capillary blood pressure

interstitial fluid-colloid osmotic pressure

167
Q

T/F: Platelets adhere to normal vascular surfaces

A

FALSE

168
Q

normal expirations are brough on by

A

elastic recoil of inspiratory muscles

169
Q

T/F: Vasoconstriction of a vein increases blood flow through that vessel.

A

True.

170
Q

What are the different types of capillaries?

A
  1. continuous capillaries: joined by leaky junction
  2. fenestrated capillaries: swiss cheese, large pores
  3. sinusoids: largest pores.
171
Q

T/F: Mean arterial pressure is the blood pressure monitored and regulated in the body.

A

True

172
Q

What acts as a blood reservoir because they have the capacity to store large volumes of blood with little change in their internal pressure.

A

The veins

174
Q

What plays a critical role in determing the total amount of O2 that is exchanged because it acts as a storage depot, removing dissolved O2, and thus keeping the PO2 low so that net diffusion is allowed to continue

A

hemoglobin

175
Q

Blood flow in the vascular tree follows what path?

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins

177
Q

T/F: The most important factor controlling respiration is the partial pressure of CO2 of the arterial blood detected indirectly by the central chemoreceptors in the CNS.

A

True

178
Q

What is resistance?

A

a measure of the hindrance to blood flow through a vessel caused by friction between the moving fluid stationary vascular walls

it increases sixteen fold when the radius is reduced by one half (one over two to the fourth)

179
Q

The ______ receives most of its blood supply during ventricular diastole by the means of the coronary circulation

A

cardiac muscle

180
Q

What is the equation relating EDV, ESV and SV?

A

SV= EDV-ESV

183
Q

This is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups.

A

Hemoglobin

184
Q

The walls of the veins contain smooth muscle innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers. Sympathetic stimulation ____ venous pressure and drive _____ blood into the heart

A

increases, more

185
Q

What is the difference between the two AV valves?

A

right side: tricuspid (RST)

left side: mitral

Both located between atrium and ventricles

187
Q

The progressive wave of ventricular depolarization corresponds to what?

A

The QRS complex of ECG

188
Q

T/F: Erythrocytes do not contain any organelles

A

TRUE

189
Q

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

A

alveoli

190
Q

T/F: There are no valves lying between the atria and the veins.

A

TRUE

191
Q

T/F: Systemic venous PO2 is less than alveolar PO2 and systemic venous CO2 is greater than alveolar CO2

A

TRUE

192
Q

What is the result of the pontine respiratory group?

A

prevents inspiratory neurons from being turned off to increase the duration of inspiration

inhibits inspiratory activity to limit the duration of inspiration

193
Q

What factors affect venous return?

A
  1. sympathetically induced venous vasoconstriction
  2. skeletal muscle activity
  3. respiratory activity
196
Q

What happens during isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

no blood enters or leaves the ventricles

197
Q

What does boyle’s law state

A

that gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure

198
Q

What is the larynx?

A

voice box

located at entrance to trachea

vocal folds close off during swallowing

201
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

It prevents the alveoli from collapsing

203
Q

What is endothelium?

A

inner most layer of all blood vessels which regulats blood pressure through paracrines

204
Q

What is active hyperemia?

A

Increase in blood flow accompanies an increase in metabolic activity

205
Q

What change in intrapleual pressure results in ventilatio?

A

when thoracic cage expands, there is a larger negative pressure in pleural cavity.

inspiration leads to equilibirum

206
Q

Which ECG wave represents ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

207
Q

What is true about material exchange through capillaries?

A

proteins move via transcytosis (Vesicular transport)

lip soluble substances/ small gases pass easily

208
Q

When a person who lives in a city at sea level vacations in the high altitude of the rocky mountains, you would expect to observe an increase in

A

his/her red blood cell count

209
Q

T/F: Vasoconstriction of an arteriole increases blood flow through that vessel.

A

False

210
Q

Where are valves found in the heart?

A

between the atria and ventricles

between the ventricles and arteries

211
Q

Which of the following factors produce an inward pressure from the interstitial space into the capillaries on the blood vessels?

A

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

212
Q

These are the site of exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues

A

the capillaries

213
Q

What is the primary stimulus for the release of erythropoietin?

A

hypoxemia

low oxygen levels in the tissues

214
Q

T/F: Vasoconstriction refers to a decrease in the radius of a vessel.

A

True

215
Q

What is the difference between the two semilunar valves?

A

Leaving left ventricle is called aortic valve

Leaving right ventricle is called pulmonary valve

They both lie at the junction between arteries and ventricles

216
Q

What are reconditioning organs?

A

Organs that receive blood flow in excess of their own needs (blood reservoir)

They are also organs that provide nutrients and remove waste and heat

217
Q

As the arterial system leaves the heart, the vessels

A

become smaller in diameter

218
Q

T/F: When blood pressure falls below normal, sympathetic activity is depressed and parasympathetic activity is enhanced to bring blood pressure back to normal.

A

False

219
Q

T/F: Erythrocytes originate from the same undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells as leukocytes and platelets.

A

TRUE

220
Q

What is colloid-osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure created by the presence of proteins

221
Q

What is capillary blood pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure on the inside of the capillary wall by the blood

37 on arteriole side

17 on venule side

pushes fluid out of capillary pore into IF

222
Q

Why can’t tetany occur in the heart?

A

The refractory period in cardiac muscle lasts almost as long as the duration of the resultant contraction

223
Q

T/F: Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type II alveolar cells.

A

True

224
Q

What is true of bronchioles?

A

they lack cartilage rings but have smooth muscle

regulated by ANS (hormones/chemicals

regulate air passage

225
Q

T/F: The AV node is the pacemaker of the heart

A

False

226
Q

What does the term systole mean?

A

Contraction

228
Q

The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contracile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of _______ K+ permeability and ________ Ca2+ permeability

A

Decreasing, increasing

229
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

it is made of lipids and proteins

it lowers alveolar surface tension

increases compliance and lowers recoil

Helps equilibrate pressure between differnt size alveoli

230
Q

Blood returning from the systemic circulation:

enters the ____ atrium

is ______ oxygenated

A

Blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium and is poorly oxygenated.

231
Q

The final immature red cell matured within 24 hours

A

reticulocytes

232
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A

Lactic acid accumulation

Depletion of ATP

Depletion of Ach

233
Q

T/F: The end-diastolic volume is the maximum amount of blood in the ventricle after ventricular filling is complete

A

True

234
Q

Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with

A

calmodulin

236
Q

The process of reabsorption and absorption occurs when the blood-colloid osmotic pressure plus interstitial-fluid hydrostatic pressure exceeds capillary blood pressure plus interstitial-fluid-colloid osmotic pressure

A

True

237
Q

What are lymph vessels?

A

make up lymphatic system which empties into venous system near right atrium

lymph nodes are located at important entrances openings

238
Q

This occurs when the capillary blood pressure plus interstitial-fluid-colloid osmotic pressure exceed the blood-colloid osmotic pressure plus interstitial-fluid hydrostatic pressure.

A

The process of filtration and ultrafiltration

239
Q

the lungs are enclosed in ______

A

pleural membranes

240
Q

What does hemoglobin consist of?

A

Consists of a protein made up of four highly folded polypeptide chains and four iron-containing non-protein, nitrogenous groups

241
Q

Through which valve would blood travel to enter the pulmonary circuit of the circulatory system?

A

pulmonary valve

242
Q

Vessels which return blood to heart are

A

veins

243
Q

What is anemia?

A

below normal O2 carrying capacity, less hematocrit

caused by:

excessive loss of RBC

decreased rate of erythropoiesis

deficiency in hemoglobin content

244
Q

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

A

level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases

245
Q

T/F: Increased venous return is enhanced by salt retention.

A

TRUE

246
Q

Why does air move out of the lungs?

A

Because the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration

247
Q

T/F: Alveolar partial pressure for oxygen is higher following inspiration than following expiration

A

True

248
Q

What is accomplished by thrombonin?

A

stimulates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

activates factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor)

enhances platelet aggregation

acts in positive-feedback fashion to facilitate its own formation

249
Q

When the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norE what is the result at the alpha1 receptors and beta2 receptors?

A

alpha1: vasoconstriction
beta2: vasodilation

250
Q

What is true of the lymphatic system?

A

does not have its own pump like the heart

relies on the skeletal muscle pump ti circulate lymph fluid

empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles

has lymph nodes positioned strategically where immunologically active cells interact with lymph

251
Q

What is isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A

Both AV and aortic valves are closed

No blood enters or leaves

252
Q

What is ventricular filling?

A
  • ventricular pressure< atrial pressure
  • AV valve opens
253
Q

Why do inspiratory events occur?

A

Because the air pressure in the alveoli is less than that of the atmospher

And because the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.

254
Q

What does alveolar ventilation refer to?

A

the movement of air into and out of the alveoli

255
Q

Where is hemoglobin found and what does it carry?

A

Found in the erythrocytes and carrys oxygen

256
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

258
Q

What are the two types of muscle cells?

A
  1. contracile cells: mechanical work
  2. autorhythmic: pacemakers, initiate and conduct APs
259
Q

Where are the baroreceptors located? What are they sensitive to?

A

in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch

sensitive to change in MAP and pulse pressure

261
Q

T/F: When blood pressure becomes elevated, parasympathetic activity is depressed and sympathetic activity is enhanced to bring blood pressure back to normal.

A

False

262
Q

T/F: Vasodilation of a vein increases blood flow through that vessel

A

False

263
Q

The pressure measured in the arteries just after the ventricular ejection of blood is

A

systolic pressure

264
Q

T/F: The process of filtration and ultrafiltration is movement of protein-free plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.

A

True

265
Q

Granulocytes include:

A

basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils (BEN)

266
Q

What is the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can

A

residual volume

267
Q

What is plasma-colloid osmotic pressure?

A

increased protein concentration leads to movement of H2O from IF to capillaries

268
Q

The vessels that serve as the site of material exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues are the:

A

capillaries

269
Q

The Frank-Starling law describes what phenomena?

A

The inherent ability of the heart to pump out the amount of blood that is returned to it

The hearts intrinsic ability to pump out the amount of blood that is returned to it

270
Q

T/F: When arterial pressure falls, veins are ause to constrict by sympathetic activity, shifting blood to the arterial circulation and pressure

A

TRUE

271
Q

Blood pressure is determined by

A

measuring the force exterted by blood in a vessel against air in a closed cuff

272
Q

When blood flow to an area of the lungs is reduced but the area receives normal air flow all of the following occur:

A

the concentration of CO2 in this area will be decreased

273
Q

The refractory period of cardiac muscle

A

lasts almost as long ast the contraction period

is much longer tan the refractory period in skeletal muscle

274
Q

What is true of Ca and K permeability during the plateau phase?

A

Decrease K permeability and increase Ca permeability.

Decreased K efflux and Ca influx creates plateau

275
Q

T/F: Vasodilation refers to a decrease in the radius of a vessel

A

False

276
Q

What is the most prevalent protein in plasma?

What are the role of the plasma proteins

(fibrinogen, albumin, globulin, transferrin)

A

albumin is most prevalent- responsible for transport/binding

globulins- regulatory, transport, clotting, immune response

fibrinogen- key in blood clotting

transferrin- iron transporting protein

281
Q

Resistance increases when radius and viscosity increase or decrease?

A

Resistance increases when radius decreases and viscosity increases.

282
Q

in order to increase blood flow to a tissue:

A

increase blood volume

decrease vessel diameter

increase blood pressure

decrease peripheral resistance

284
Q

What is the P wave?

A

depolarization of the atria

285
Q

What are the names for bulk flow into and out of the capillary?

A

plasma out of capillaries (filtration)

interstitial fluid into capillaries (absorption)

*bulk flow is mass movement as a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients

286
Q

An increase in PO2 woulc cause what to the bronchioles/systemic arterioles

A

Would cause the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to dilate

287
Q

What is net pressure? On which side of the capillary does filtration and absorption take place (normally)

A

net pressure= hydrostatic pressure- colloid osmotic pressure

net filtration on the arteriole side, net absorption on the venule side.

288
Q

T/F: The thick filament of the myofibril contains actin molecules whereas myosin is the protein found in the thin filaments.

A

False

289
Q

Blood returning from the lungs enters the _____ atrium

A

Blood returning from the lungs enters the left atrium

290
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

the ratio of red blood cells to the total blood volume

the packed cell volume

also indicates anemia

291
Q

What is true about the pacemaker potential?

A

depolarization initiated primarily by Ca, first T type (reach threshold) then L type.

Sodium (If) leak channels help tend towards depolarization

Reason for AP without neural input

292
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

Increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow

293
Q

What two forces hold the thoracic wall and long in close opposition?

A

intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

pressure gradient between lungs and intrapleural space

294
Q

The pressure measured in the arteries just before the next ventricular ejection of blood is:

A

Diastolic pressure

295
Q

What is in control of differentiation of blood cells?

A

cytokines

all blood cells come from precursor in bone marrow

296
Q

When intra-alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure what happens?

A

Air will flow out of the lungs

297
Q

What factors aid venous return to the heart?

A

sympathetic stimulation increases venous pressure

skeletal muscle pump squeezes blood through the veins

respiratory pump provides a pressure gradient between the lower and chest veins

venous valves prevent backflow of blood

298
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

intra-alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure

the diaphragm contracts

the external intercstal muscles contract

299
Q

Where does hemoglobin combine with oxygen?

A

at the lungs

300
Q

Heart and venous valves serve a similar function. They prevent a _____ flow of blood

A

Backwar

301
Q

T/F: Resistance equals gas flow over pressure gradient

A

FALSE (R= deltaP/ G)

302
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

plateau phase of ventricular contractile cells

303
Q

What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure

A

the pulse pressure

304
Q

T/F: Increased venous return occurs when the heart has greater contractility

A

TRUE

305
Q

What is plasma?

A

responsible for heat absorb/distr.

92% water

7% proteins

1% other

306
Q

When would the level of erythropoietin in the blood rise?

A

During anemia

At high altitudes

As a consequence of hemorrhage

When blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted

307
Q

What is true of ventricular ejection?

A
  • ventricular pressure> aortic pressure so aortic valve opens
  • ventricular volume decreases
  • volume ejected is stroke volume
308
Q

Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart

bundle of his

internodal pathways

purkinje fibers

atrioventricular node

sinoatrial node

A

sinoatrial node, internodal pathways, atrioventricular node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers

309
Q

T/F: If heart rate increases, diastole time increases and this affects the fill volume.

A

FALSE.

If heart rate increases, diastole time decreases… BUT this doesn’t affect the fill volume.

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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