Unit 4 (Ch. 10, 11, 13) Flashcards
Henry Clay
“The Great Compromiser”
Founder of American System (protective tariffs and federally supported internal improvements)
Political democratization
Abolition of land requirements for voters
Election by voters
Common man
Spoils System
Jackson appointed his supporters to office. Favored partisanship not democratization
Nullification crisis
In 1828, he implemented a high protective tariff that was favorable to western agriculture and New England manufacturing. South was outraged. Calhoun supported south. Caused split between Calhoun and Jackson.
Second Bank of the US
Jackson vetoed bill to recharter the second bank. Breaking up elites who owned and managed the banks. In favor of democratization because it supported less elites and more common man
Whig Party
Party that formed in opposition to Jackson and his inconsistent views on democracy. Supported American system. Support reform movements. Nativists as well.
Panic of 1837
When Jackson moved federal revenue into state banks, loans and bank notes increased and land sales skyrocketed. Then in 1837, this all tumbled down and banks started suspending specie payments. Passed treasury bill as response (second Declaration of Independence)
Second great awakening
Began in Connecticut during the 1790s. Revivals all around the country rose up and the awakening began. Cainridge Revival in 1801 was said to be the first be revival of the second great awakening.
American Temperance Society
Protestants created the first national Terrence organization. Targeted laborers.
Mormons
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Book of Mormon
Polygamy allowed (multiple wives)
Brigham Young was leader
New Harmony and Brook Farm
New harmony - Marxist based
Brooks farm - contribute what you could and take what you need - transcendentalists
Stephen Austin
Helped lead Texas to independence.
Known as one of the greatest empresario (people who got families to move to Texas)
The Shakers
United Society of Believers in Christs Second Appearance
Utopian based religion.
Everyone loved celibate lives so they only adopted members and never had sex
The Oneida Community
Believed if they could perfect the social world then all problems would go away
John Humphrey Noyes
Everyone is married to everyone else. Sex is arranged by council and matched young with old to prevent affection.
When were German and Irish Immigrants coming to the US the most?
1820-1825
The Unitarians
Secular religion led by William Ellery Channing
Don’t believe in one religion or one God.
Believed Jesus was moral human and not divine.
Transcendentalists
What were the most common occupations for immigrants?
Most didn’t have a job but otherwise Germans were mostly farmers and laborers were mostly Irish
Nativism
Protestants who protested immigration.
Oregon Country
40,000 people traveled the Oregon Trail. Debate over 54’ or 49’ as border. Settled on 49’.
Seneca Falls Convention
Stanton - men and women should be totally equal.
Beecher - women should recognize their roles as raisers of the future men of our world.
Dates of Texan Independence
Mexico becomes independent from Spain in 1821
Texas asks US for annexation in 1836 (denied)
US officially annexes Texas in 1844.
US defeats Mexico in 1848 (received Mexican Cession)
John Tyler
Vice President to William Henry Harrison (becomes president after his death). Attempted to annex Texas but failed
James Polk
Annexed Texas after winning election of 1844. Settled dispute in Oregon on 49’ parallel. Won Mexican American War after sending Zachary Taylor to the front lines as General.
Zachary Taylor
Victorious General of the Mexican American War. Won election of 1848 - he is a Whig but didn’t take position on Slavery.
3 positions on Slavery
Free Soil - slavery cannot expand from where it is now. Wilmot Proviso is the proposition of free soilers
Common Property Doctrine - slaves are property who cannot be limited
Popular sovereignty - people in the territory choose for themselves
Election of 1848 - positions of the candidates on Slavery
Zachary Taylor (Whig) - no position Lewis Cass (Dem) - Popular sovereignty Martin Van Buren - free soil party (no expansion)
Sam Houston
President of Independent Texas.
Important innovations during the war
- Army Hospitals - affects soldiers and broader society
2. Photography - still shots were taken to send home, first war with pictures.
Economic effects of the war
- Expanded trade in SW America
2. US economic activity within Mexico increases
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848 - US paid $15 million for the land of Mexican Cession. Also guaranteed citizenship for Mexicans who lived in it.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
President of Mexico. Cut out slavery and immigration in country. Captured during war with Texas and forced to give them their independence.
Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison leads “Log Cabin Campaign” - Claimed he grew up in log cabin just like a “frontiersman” or the “common man”
Effects of the Second Great Awakening
Increased power of women and minorities in Church
Greater optimism in religion
Increasing population of revivalist denominations
Religion also justifies many reform movements
Ideological Justification for War
- Republicanism
2. Manifest Destiny and expansionism
Pro-slavery arguments
Spiritual - servants in bible
Historical - had slaves forever
Paternalistic - slaves are better taken care of then in factories
Economic - slaves assure prosperity
Gag Rule
1836-1845
Congress says they will not discuss abolitionism
Election of 1844
Democrat Polk - immediate annexation of Texas
Whig Clay - do whatever, economic prosperity
Liberty Birney - against annexation of Texas because it is a slave state. Against spread of slavery
