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Cell Biology 2203 > Unit 4- Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Unit 4- Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does energy come from in the cells?

A

Chemical Bonds or Chemical Gradients that store potential energy or from the sun

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2
Q

Everything cells do requires _____

A

Energy

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3
Q

Much og stored chemical energy comes in the form of ____, particularly_____

A

Sugars ; Glucose

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4
Q

Define Cellular Respiration

A

A process whereby cells harvest energy from food molecules, usually by breaking fown sugar to CO2 and H2O

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5
Q

What are the molecules that usually provide cells with energy for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose, Fatty Acids, Proteins

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6
Q

Define: Activated Carriers

A

Portable sources of energy that fuel Biosyntesis (ATP, NADH)

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7
Q

Energy released from high-energy bonds of sugars is often captured in other high energy chemical bonds of what molecules?

A

Activated Carriers

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8
Q

What type of process is Cellular Respiration (Anabolic/Catabolic)

A

Catabolic (breaking down molecules)

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9
Q

Cellular Respiration is a _____ Process; It occurs in a series of small reactions.

A

Stepwise

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10
Q

What is a benefit of Cellular Respiration being a Stepwise process?

A

It allows cells to harvest energy at many steps while the food molecule is being degraded.

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11
Q

What are the two ways Animal Cells make ATP?

A

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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12
Q

Define: Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

Breakdown of one substrate of enzyme powers that enxyme to add inorganic Phosphate to ADP (Makes ATP)

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13
Q

Define: Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP powered by the Electron-Transport System

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14
Q

When do both of the two ways cells make ATP occur?

A

During Cellular Respiration

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15
Q

Define: Catabolism

A

Process of breaking down food molecules into smaller molecules, releasing energy to generate activated carriers.

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16
Q

What are the 3 major steps of Catabolism?

A

Digestion
Generation of Acetyl CoA
Complete Oxidation of Acetyl CoA

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17
Q

Where does digestion take place?

A

Outside cells (Lumen of intestine) or in lysosomes

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18
Q

How are larger molecules broken down?

A

Into constituent building blocks (amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, etc.)

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19
Q

Where does the digestion continue after the Lumen of the intestines

A

The building blocks enter the cytosol for the next step.

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20
Q

Where does the generation of Acetyl CoA occur?

A

It partially occurs in the cytosol/matrix

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21
Q

How many pyruvates are generated during Glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvates for 1 Glucose Molecule

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22
Q

Each pyruvate enters the Mitochondrial Matrix where it’s converted to what Molecule?

A

Acetyl CoA

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23
Q

How are fatty acids broken down?

A

They are broken down two Carbons at a time

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24
Q

How many acetyl CoA molecules are generated from each carbon of a fatty acid?

A

1 Acetyl CoA is generated for every two carbons

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25
Q

True or false: breakdown of Glucose and Fatty Acids both generate high energy Electron carriers?

A

TRUE

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26
Q

Where does the complete oxidation of Acetyl CoA occur?

A

In the Mitochondria

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27
Q

What cycle do the Acetyl CoA molecules enter?

A

The Citric Acid Cycle

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28
Q

NADH molecules donate their electrons to _______ which harnesses the electron’s energy to drive Oxidative Phosphorylation to produce ATP

A

The Electron Transport Chain

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29
Q

What does the NADH to ETC transfer consume?

A

Oxygen (O2)

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30
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

In the Cytosol

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31
Q

Glycolysis produces _____ in the absence of ____

A

ATP; O2

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32
Q

One Glucose molecule produces what in glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvates

2 Net ATPs
2 NADH

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33
Q

True or false: Glycolysis is a new or derived trait used for generating ATP?

A

False: This is likely an ancient process.

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34
Q

What is G3P

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

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35
Q

Energy is relased from the electrons as they fall down the _____ to make _____.

A

ETC; ATP

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36
Q

Once NADH delivers the electrons to the___, it becomes ____ again, supplying NAD+ to meet the demands of ____ in the ______

A

NAD+; Glycolysis; Cytosol

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37
Q

What happens if NAD+ is not regenerated?

A

Respiration will Cease.

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38
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process that allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of O2 by recycling cytoplasmic NADH back to NAD+ so that a small amount of ATP can be produced.

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39
Q

True or False: In the absence of O2 and fermentation occurring, other respiratory pathways can still function.

A

False: all other respiratory pathways are shut down in

absence of O2

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40
Q

What would occur if cytoplasmic NAD+ was not recycled for fermentation to occur?

A

No ATP would be produced, resulting in the organism’s death.

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41
Q

In fermentation, where do Pyruvate and NADH stay?

A

In the Cytosol

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42
Q

During fermentation, electrons from NADH are put back onto _____ or a break-dowhn product of it.

A

Pyruvate

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43
Q

The direct addition of Electrons tp puruvate produces?

A

Lactic Acid/Lactate

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44
Q

An Addition of electrons to pyruvate after it has lost one Carbon in the form of CO2 produces what?

A

Ethanol (Alcohol Fermentation)

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45
Q

Lactic Acid fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation both result in what?

A

Regeneration of NAD+ so Glycolysis can continue

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46
Q

Several small organic molecules are coverten to Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria, including _____ and _____

A

Pyruvate and Fatty Acids

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47
Q

What are the 3 Reactions that the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex performs?

A

Decarboxylation (Removal of Carboxyl group in form of CO2

Formation of NADH using NAD+ and Electrons from Pyruvate

Generation of Acetyl Coa (Addition of CoA)

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48
Q

Fatty Acids are first activated by ___ to CoA, then trimmed 2__ at a time, with each two ___ eventually forming ______

A

Linkage
Carbons
Carbons
Acetyl CoA

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49
Q

NADH and FADH2 are generated for every _____ formed

A

Acetyl CoA

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50
Q

Where does generation of Acetyl CoA occur?

A

In the Mitochondrial Matrix

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51
Q

What is Acetyl CoA generated from?

A

Sugars and fats. Acetyl CoA readily enters the Citric Acid Cycle.

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52
Q

Sugars are readily converted to glucose or intermediates of ______

A

Glycolysis

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53
Q

How are Amino Acids processed in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

They can be converted into various intermediates of the Citric Acid Cycle in the Mitochondrial Matrix

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54
Q

Sugars, Fats, and Proteins can all feed into _____ Pathways

A

Catabolic

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55
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes _____

A

Acetyl Groups

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56
Q

The _____ from Acetyl CoA enter the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Acetyls

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57
Q

What is released as a waste product of Acetyl group Oxidation?

A

CO2 is released as a waste product

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58
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle Requires ____ Indirectly

A

O2

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59
Q

NAD+ must be regenerated, otherwise it would all be trapped in the form of _____.

A

NADH

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60
Q

If the NAD+ is trapped as NADH, what would occur?

A

NADH cannot accept Electrons from the Citric Acid Cycle, resulting in a halt of the cycle.

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61
Q

The Acetyl group is transferred from a CoA to a 4-C compound _____,

A

Oxaloacetate

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62
Q

Oxaloacetate transfer generates ______ _____ a 6-C compound

A

Citric Acid (Citrate)

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63
Q

By the end of the Citric acid Cycle, Oxaloacetate will be

A

Regenerated

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64
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle generates _ NaDH Molecule(s)

A

3

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65
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle generates _ FADH MOlecule(s)

A

1

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66
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle generates ___ GTP Molecule(s)

A

1

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67
Q

1 GTP Molecule is approximately equivalent to 1 ____ molecule

A

ATP

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68
Q

What product is produced as waste in the citric acid cycle? How many are produced?

A

CO2; 2 Molecules

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69
Q

Oxidative Phosophorylation

A

Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 are delivered to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

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70
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

A Series of electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Plasma Membrane of Prokaryotes)

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71
Q

AS Electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, energy is ____ in the Electron Transport Chain

A

Released

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72
Q

Electrons lose energy as they ____ the ETC.

A

Move down or Fall down the ETC.

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73
Q

Energy is used to pump ____ across the mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space, generating a ____ Gradient that can drive ATP Production

A

Protons (H+); Proton Gradient

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74
Q

How Many ATP are generated via the ETC?

A

~26-28 ATP

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75
Q

What does O2 do in the ETC?

A

O2 “pulls” electrons down the ETC, being eventually reduced to H2O

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76
Q

Cells must regulate energy _____/_____ in order to function when energy supplies are scarce

A

Usgage/Storage

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77
Q

What do the control mechanisms regulate in metabolism?

A

They regulate which pathways particular metabolites will enter

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78
Q

What are the key components of the control mechanisms in metabolism?

A

Enzyme regulation (Both Positive and Negative)

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79
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

When fasting or undergoing intense physical exercise, glucose reserves cannot be replenished fast enough. Gluconeogenesis can function to replenish glucose stores

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80
Q

Gluconeogenesis is essentially the reverse of what process?

A

Glycolysis

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81
Q

What energy cost is associated with Gluconeogenesis?

A

4 ATP and 2 GTP

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82
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of Glucose from what molecule?

A

2 Pyruvate molecules

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83
Q

How does the cell determine if it will undergo Glycolysis or Gluconeogenesis?

A

Enzyme regulation determines which process is favored.

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84
Q

Phosphofructokinase is involved in what process?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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85
Q

Phosphofructokinase is regulated ______by feedback mechanisms

A

Allosterically

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86
Q

Phosphofructokinase is activated by

A

ADP, AMP, and Pi(Inorganic Phosphate)

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87
Q

Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by

A

ATP

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88
Q

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate is involved in what process?

A

Glycolysis

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89
Q

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Is _____ regulated by feedback mechanisms

A

Allosterically

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90
Q

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate is regulated in the opposite manner as ______

A

Phosphofructokinase

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91
Q

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate is activated by

A

ATP

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92
Q

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate is inhibited by

A

ADP, AMP, Pi (Inorganic Phosphate)

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93
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

A polymer of Glucose, storage from of Glucose in Animals

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94
Q

Where is Glycogen found in Animal Cells?

A

Found in all cells, but large stores are in liver and muscle cells.

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95
Q

Production of Glycogen is regulated according to ____

A

Need

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96
Q

If ATP demand is high, glycogen is ____ to ____

A

Broken Down; Glucose

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97
Q

What breaks down Glycogen into Glucose?

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

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98
Q

If ATP demand is low, Glycogen is ____ from _____

A

Produced ; Glucose

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99
Q

What produces Glycogen from Glucose?

A

Glycogen Synthetase

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100
Q

Electron Transport is a key process of what important pathways?

A

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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101
Q

The Majority of APT is generated by ____ ____ ____ _____

A

Membrane-Based Oxidative Phosphorylation

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102
Q

True or False: Oxidative Phosphorylation could not occur without a membrane

A

TRUE

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103
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport
along membrane facilitates
generation of______ gradient across that membrane

A

H+ (Proton)

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104
Q

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur in Eukaryotes?

A

It occurs along the inner Mitochondrial Membrane, creating a high Proton concentration in the intermembrane space and a low Proton concentration in the Mitochondrial Matrix

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105
Q

In Photosynthetic Eukaryotes, where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?

A

It occurs in the thylakoid membranes, creating a high Proton concentration inside the Thylakoid (Thylakoid Space) and Low Proton Concentration in the Stroma

106
Q

Define the ETC:

A

High-Energy Electrons transferred along electron carriers embedded in the membrane release energy to proteins of chain to pump Protons across the membrane and thus generate the Proton Gradient

107
Q

Define: Chemiosmotic Coupling

A

Proton flow down the Electrochemical gradient through the ATP Synthase wihch synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi

108
Q

Membrane-Based energy harvesting is present in which domains? What does this indicate?

A

It is present in all domains, indicating it evolved long ago in early life

109
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

Provides the bulk of usable energy in the cell

110
Q

How many ATP are generated in the Mitochondria?

A

~30 from one molecule of Glucose

111
Q

True or False: Complex multicellular organisms would likely have not evolved without the Mitochondria

A

True: There is a lot of energy required for a multicellular organism to function

112
Q

True or False: Mitochondria are restricted to their initia size, location, and number

A

FALSE: Mitochondria resemble their prokaryotic ancestors and are remarkably adaptable: They can change size, location, and number

113
Q

Some cells ____ Mitochondria to areas where they’re most needed

A

Localize

114
Q

What areas of the cell would require more Mitochondria?

A

Contractile Apparatus in muscle cells or flagellum in sperm

115
Q

Mitochondria can fuse into giant, _______ networks

A

Dynamic (Changing)

116
Q

Mitochondria can ____ if needed ex. In Muscle cells after that cell has been contracted repeatedly

A

Increase in number/size

117
Q

Outer Membrane of the Mitochondria

A

Smooth, surrounds all other components, contains porins

118
Q

Porins (in the Mitochondria)

A

Large, Aqueous pores that allow diffusion of relatively large molecules into the intermembrane space

119
Q

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

A

Highly convoluted (Cristae), site of Oxidative Phosphorylation, contains transport proteins that get molecules in/out of matrix (Pyruvate, Fatty Acids)

120
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

Site where Protons Build up; similar to the cytosol due to porins in the outer membrane

121
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

The Large innermost space of the Mitochondria. Site of the Citric Acid Cycle and Fatty Acid breakdown, impervious to ions and small molecules unless a path is provided. Therefore, contents are highly specialized.

122
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle

A

Generates high-Energy Electrsons that power ATP Production

123
Q

The Fuel for the citric Acid Cycle comes from

A

Pyruvate and Fatty Acids

124
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle, both pyruvate and fatty acids enter the membrane via____ in the outer membrane and then get transported into the ____

A

Porins

Matrix

125
Q

In the Matrix, Pyruvate and Fatty Acids are broken down into _____ and enter the ___ _____ ___

A

Acetyl CoA

Citric Acid Cycle

126
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle, Acetyl CoA is _____ to CO2 and their high energy electrons are temporarily stored in activated carriers ____ and _____

A

Oxidized
NADH
FADH2

127
Q

NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the ____, becoming ____ and ____

A

ETC
NAD+
FAD

128
Q

Electrons are passed down the chain to ____ forming ___ in a fast, stepwise process

A

O2

H2O

129
Q

Each step of H2O formation releases some ___ the electrons carry

A

Energy

130
Q

Part of the energy released in the formation of H2O form O2 isused to do what?

A

Pump H+ (Protons) into the intermembrane space

131
Q

Electron movement down the ETC converts energy from electrons into ____ energy in the electrochemical gradient which will ultimately be used to ______

A

Potential

Make High-Energy bond in ATP

132
Q

What is the source of High-Energy Electrons for Catabolism?

A

Sugars and Fatty Acids

133
Q

What is the source of High-Energy electrons for Anabolism?

A

Excited Electrons from Chlorophyll

134
Q

What is the source of High-Energy Electrons for Anaerobically respiring Organisms?

A

Inorganic Substances (Iron, Sulfur, Hydrogen)

135
Q

True or False: The ETC is present in many copies along the inner membrane.

A

TRUE

136
Q

The ETC is composed of over __ proteins grouped into ___ large respiratory enzymen complexes.

A

40

3

137
Q

What are the 3 large respiratory enzyme complexes in the ETC called?

A

NADH Dehydrogenase Complex
Cytochrome C Reductase Complex
Cytochrome C Oxidase Complex

138
Q

Oxidation is a ___

A

Loss of Electrons

139
Q

Reduction is a __

A

Gain of electrons

140
Q

As electrons move through the 3 complexes, ____ are pumped across the _____ into the ______ _____

A

Protons (H+)
Inner Membrane
Intermembrane Space

141
Q

NADH Dehydrogenase complex accepts electrons from ______

A

NADH

142
Q

NADH Dehydrogenase complex accepts electrons from NADH which is extracted as a ___ Ion which is converted to

A

H-

2e-+ H+

143
Q

After NADH Dehydrogenase Complex accepts the electrons from NADH, what happens next?

A

Electrons are passed to the next members of the chain.

144
Q

Electron transfer is energetically ____ since each acceptor has a stronger _____ _____ than the donor that’s passing the electron off

A

Favorable

Electron Affinity

145
Q

What is the Final Electron acceptor in the ETC? What occurs with this?

A

O2

electrons are combined with O and H+ to generate H2O

146
Q

Proton Motive Force

A

Energy is released from energetically favorable passage of electrons from ETC member to ETC member is trapped in the form of H+ Electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane

147
Q

Each Respiratory Complex of the ETC pumps ___ across the membrane as ___ are transferred

A

H+(Protons)

Electrons

148
Q

What is the pH of the mitochondrial Matrix?

A

~7.9

149
Q

What is the pH of the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?

A

~7.2

150
Q

There is a voltage gradient due to the excessive positive charge ___ of the matrix; therefore the matrix face of the ___ __ is ____ compared to the intermembrane space face

A

Outisde
Inner Membrane
Negative

151
Q

Both Chemical and Voltage gradients favor movement of ___ (into/out of ) the matrix

A

H+

Into

152
Q

H+ cannot diffuse through the mambrane, nor are there any ___ channels present that permit this.

A

ION

153
Q

The Proton Motive Force

A

Both chemical and voltage gradients favor
movement of H+
into matrix; however, H+ cannot
diffuse through membrane, nor are there any ion
channels present that permit this

154
Q

H+ can only move back into the matrix via

A

ATP Synthase

155
Q

What is the ATP Synthase

A

Large, Multisubunit protein complex embedded in the inner membrane

156
Q

As H+ moved down their EC gradient, they power ____ to combine ____ and ____ to form _____

A

ATP Synthase
ADP+Pi
ATP

157
Q

ATP Synthesizing part resembles a ____ with its head int he matrix and ___ carrier is embedded in the membrane and has a stalk that is embedded in the ATP Synthesizing _____

A

Lollipop
H+
Head

158
Q

ATP movement through the carrier in the ATP Synthase cause the carrier and its ____ to _____

A

Stalk

Spin

159
Q

As the Stalk in the ATP Synthase rotates, it rubs against stationary ____ in the ___ region, changing their conformations

A

Proteins

Head region

160
Q

The Mechanical deformation cause by the rotation in the stalk of the ATP Synthase is converted into a high energy bond in

A

ATP

161
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced per rotation of the ATP Synthase?

A

3

162
Q

In addition to ATP Synthesis, the Proton gradient is used to power transport of _____ across the _____

A

Molecules

Inner Membrane

163
Q

Symporters move ____ ___ and ___ into the matrix

A

Pyruvate
ADP
Pi

164
Q

Antiporters move ATP ___ and ADP ___ using H+ EC gradient to power the process.

A

ATP (Out)

ADP (In)

165
Q

ADP is quickly returned to the ______ due to activity of the ATP/ADP ____

A

Mitochondria

Antiporters

166
Q

The ATP/ADP Antiporters help quickly recharge ADP that have been produced as a result of ____ ____ ____

A

Normal Cell Activities

167
Q

The quick recharging of ATP/ADP keeps cells at a ratio of __ ATP to __ ADP

A

10 ATP to 1 ADP

168
Q

Efficiency of Respiration is ___ due to several small reactions resulting in release of small amounts of ____ at a time

A

High

Energy

169
Q

True or False: Cellular Respiration Allows large amount of energy from food to be parceled out to small packets whose energy can be easily and efficiently captured by cell in form of activated carriers, i.e NADH, FADH2, ATP

A

TRUE

170
Q

1 NADH powers production of __ ATP

A

2.5 ATP

171
Q

1 FADH powers production of __ ATP

A

1.5 ATP

172
Q

How much of energy in glucose is converted to ATP?

A

~50%

173
Q

H+ can move readily through aqueous environments by rapidly dissociating from one H2O and and associating with

A

its neighboring H2O

174
Q

True or False: Proton movement includes not just free H+ but also H+ that are part of water molecules; thus, water is serves as resevior for H+ to be moved across
inner membrane

A

TRUE

175
Q

H+ often accompany ____ during redox reactions.

A

Electrons

176
Q

An Addition of negative charge associated w/ Electrons on the reduced moledule is immediately neutralized ____ donated from water

A

H+

177
Q

During Oxidation, ____ Accompanying H+ is added to water

A

Electrons

178
Q

Transferability of H+ from /to water makes it so that as long as electron carrier is oriented in the membrane such that it has contact with ___ sides, it can easily pass ___ from one side to the other.

A

Both

H+

179
Q

electrons are readily passed from atoms that have ___ affinity for electrons in their outer shell to atoms with ____ e- affinities in their outer shell

A

Low

Higher

180
Q

NADH’s atoms have lower electron affinity than NADH Dehydrogenase Complex’s atoms; Thus NADH’s electrons are readily passed to complex, forming___

A

NAD+

181
Q

All Redox reactions occur in ____ w/ one member Losing electrons and another gaiing electrons

A

Pairs

182
Q

What is an example of a Redox reaction?

A

NADH/NAD+

183
Q

Redox Potential:

A

Tendency of redox pair to donate/accept electrons

184
Q

Eletrons from redox pair w/ low affinity for electrons to pair w/ high affinity for electrons is a spontaneous ___ and thus _____ energy

A

(-ΔG)

Releases

185
Q

Metal atoms are tightly bound to proteins of the _____

A

ETC

186
Q

Electrons move within a single complex by skipping from one metal atom to the next with each successibe metalion having a higher _____ ____ than the previous ion.

A

Electron Affinity

187
Q

Between ETC Complexes, electron carriers that diffuse freely within the ____ ____ ____ transport electrons

A

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

188
Q

Ubiquinone transfers electrons from ____ ____ ____ to ____ ____ ____

A

NADH dehydrogenase complex

Cytochrome c reductase

189
Q

Ubiquinone accepts electrons from

A

FADH2

190
Q

Besides Oxygen, what is the final member of the ETC?

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

191
Q

Cytochrome C OXidase transfers 4 electrons to ___ which has a high affinity for electrons

A

O2

192
Q

Cytochrome C Ocidase has Cu2+ ion and heme group at active site that helps it hold ___ in place until all ___ have been added

A

O2

Electrons

193
Q

If it could not hold O2 in place, Oxygen radicals would be produced which steal electrons from various biomolecules, thus _____ Cells.

A

Damaging

194
Q

In Cytochrome C, 2 H+ are added and ___ ___ are formed

A

2 H2O

195
Q

What is the process that is responsible for producing (Almost) all organic material on Earth

A

Photosynthesis

196
Q

Photosynthesis creates organic sugars from inorganic, atmospheric ____.

A

CO2

197
Q

Photosynthesis uses electrons from ___ and energy from ___.

A

H2O

Sunglight

198
Q

O2 from ___ is a waste product and support oxidative Phosphorylation during respiration

A

H2O

199
Q

Photosynthesis is performed by what organisms?

A

Plants, Algae, and Photosynthetic Bacteria (Chloroplasts in plants)

200
Q

Chloroplasts are similar to mithchondria but are ___ have have extra ___ ___

A

Larger

Internal Compartment

201
Q

The outer and inner membranes with similar_____ to their mitochondrial counterparts

A

Permeabilities

202
Q

Sugars are made in the ____

A

Stroma of the Chloroplast

203
Q

Thylakoids

A

Membranous, disc-like interconnected stacks in the stroma

204
Q

Thylakoids found in stacks are called

A

Grana / Granum

205
Q

Interior of Thylakoids are called the

A

Thylakoid space

206
Q

Energy from light is harvested along the

A

Thylakoid membranes

207
Q

What are the two most important players in Photosynthesis?

A

ATP and NADH

208
Q

ATP and NADH connec the __ part to the ___ part

A

Photo

Synthesis

209
Q

What are the two stages in Photosynthesis?

A

The Light Reactions and the Carbon- Fixation Reactions

210
Q

What occurs in the Light Reactions:

A

The ETC in the Thylakoid membrane harnesses energy from light to pump H+ across thylakoid membrane into the thylakoid space

211
Q

Electrochemical gradient used to make ATP via ________ ________
embedded in the membrane

A

ATP Synthase

212
Q

How is the Light reaction Different from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

high

energy e- come from light-excited chlorophyll

213
Q

In the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis, Excited e- end up associated with activated carrier _____ at end of this stage

A

NADPH

214
Q

ATP and NADPH produced in Stage 1 of Photosynthesis drive production of sugars from _____
Specifically _____

A

CO2

G3P

215
Q

What is G3P?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate

216
Q

True or False: The Carbon Fixation reactions can occur in the light only.

A

True: It can occur without light, but it doesn’t occur naturally

217
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths (blue to red) and reflects light of other wavelengths (green)

218
Q

electrons of chlorophyll hover in ____ above light absorbing porphorin of molecule

A

Clouds

219
Q

When the light of specific wavelength hits chlorophyll,

these electrons become ____, altering their distribution

A

excited

220
Q

When electrons are altered and chlorophyll hits the light, what happens?

A

This destabilizes the molecule, which will then
seek to get rid of this excess energy so it can
return to their unexcited state

221
Q

Chlorophyll in thylakoid membranes are held in large,

multiprotein complexes called __________

A

Photosystems

222
Q

Photosystems are composed of ___ ___ and ____ ____

A

Antenna Complexes

Reaction Center

223
Q

Antenna Complexes capture

A

Light Energy

224
Q

In an Antenna complex, Hundreds of chlorophyll molecules arranged so that energy captured by
_____ gets _____ to its neighbor

A

One

Transferred

225
Q

In an Antenna Complex, Eventually, energy arrives at ____ ____ of chlorophyll molecules which holds its electrons in lower energy state than others, trapping energy there

A

Special Pair

226
Q

Reaction center converts

A

light energy into chemical energy

227
Q

the reactions center is a complex associated with the _____ ____

A

Special Pair

228
Q

The reaction center has electrons poised to accept _____ _____ _____ from the special pair

A

High-Energy Electrons

229
Q

When the reaction center accepts high-energy electrons, this is the point where light energy is converted into____ ____

A

Chemical Energy

230
Q

When the special pair passes off the electrons, it becomes positively charged and the electron acceptor becomes ____ ____

A

Negatively Charged

231
Q

The charge separation of the Special pair initiates a flow of electrons from the acceptor to the

A

electron transport chain.

232
Q

In order to make sugar (in the ___ ___ cycle), the cell requires much energy ____ ad reducing power _____

A

Carbon Fixation
ATP
NADPH

233
Q

There are __ Photosystems which are involved in the light reactions and use high-energy electrons

A

2

234
Q

Photosystem II

A

Functions first,

Passes energized electrons from special pair to the Plastoquine

235
Q

What is the Plastoquine?

A

It passes the electrons to the ETC, which umps H+ across the Thylakoid space

236
Q

How is the H+ gradient used in Photosystem II?

A

It is used to drive ATP Synthesis as occurs in respiration

237
Q

Photosystem I

A

Functions while Photosystem II functions

238
Q

How does Photosystem II function?

A

It passes excited electron from its special pair to ferredoxin

239
Q

What is Ferredoxin?

A

Carries electrons to the Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase (FNR)

240
Q

FNR transfers electrons to _____, reducing it to ____

A

NADP+

NADPH

241
Q

Photosystem II Splits

A

Water

242
Q

When electrons leave the Special Pair Chlorophyll , it leaves behind a _____ charge on Chlorophyll

A

Positive

243
Q

Photosystem II has a water-splitting enzyme that removes electrons from ____ One at a time

A

H2O

244
Q

Once four electrons have been given to 4 special pairs that have lost their electrons, the enzyme releases _____

A

O2

245
Q

The enzyme waits for 4 Electrons, ensuring dangerously reactive ___ molecules are not released.

A

H2O

246
Q

Photosystem I receives electrons from _____ ____

A

Photosystem II

247
Q

Photosystem ___ serves as the final electron acceptor of the ETC initiated by _____ ____

A

I

Photosystem II

248
Q

The Flow of electrons during the light reactions:

A

PSII->Plastoquinone->Cytochromeb-6-f Complex

->Plastocyanin->PSI->Ferredoxin->FNR->NADPH

249
Q

NADPH and ATP from the light reactions are produced in the _____

A

Stroma

250
Q

True or False: ATP and NADPH from the light reactions can leave the chloroplast.

A

False: They cannot leave the chloroplast

251
Q

The Carbon Fixation Cycle

A

Provide energy and reducing power to make sugar in stroma from CO2 and H2O (carbon fixation)

252
Q

In Carbon Fixation, Rubisco attaches ___ to ribulose 1,6 Bisphosphate (5C sugar) yielding two _____

A

Rubisco

3-Phosphoglycerate

253
Q

Rubisco

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase

254
Q

Rubisco is “Slow” so plant cells have many copies of it around so more _____ Can be fixed

A

CO2s

255
Q

What is the most abundant protein on earth?

A

Rubisco

256
Q

All reactions that function in the carbon fixation are known as

A

The Calvin Cycle or Carbon Fixation Cycle

257
Q

For every 3 CO2 molecules that enter the Calvin Cycle, one ___ is produced

A

G3P

258
Q

The Calvin Cycle consumes ___ ATP and ___ NADPH

A

6

9

259
Q

When G3P is present in excess, (When photosynthesis is occurring frequently), it can be stored as ____ or ___ in the ____

A

Starch
Fat
Stroma

260
Q

At night, Starch and Fat are broken down and energy is ___ via ___ ___ to drive plant cell function

A

Released

Cellular Respiration

261
Q

G3P can be used to make ___which can be transferred to other cells of plant, providing them energy they need to function

A

Sucrose

262
Q

Sucrose is a (What type of molecule)

A

Disaccharide

Cell Biology 2203 (5 decks)

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