Unit 4 - Canadian and Global Trends Flashcards
what is homicide frequency?
gives the impression of danger that isn’t supported by the statistical date
what is the function of rates?
rates offer a clear comparison of different sample sizes
what is the difference between percentage and times?
times (or factor) is measured in hundreds of percent
crime rates calculation
simple calculation: # of incidents/ population x 100,000
what does the crime rate index
measure?
- total crimes
- specfic crimes
- violent crimes
what is Crime Seventy Index (CSI)
- assigns a weight to all crimes based on their seriousness
- CSI designed to reflect changes in crime patterns mre accurately
collectivist vs. individualist
collectivism (nice) prioritizes the importance of the community
individualism (strict) focuses on the rights and concern of each person
Who developed the Broken Windows theory?
Criminologist, George Kelling and political scientist, James Wilson
New York Subway Experiment
- no one took the Subway in the 70s and 80s because it was deemed too dangerous
- New York was going bankrupt
- Hired David Gunn in 1984 to clean up the system
- Safety improved on subways, less crime, ridership increases in late 80s into 90s
What is the theory based on?
theory is based on signs of disorder
* damaged/vandalized buildings
* public drunkness
* homeless people
* graffiti
* litter
Did Broken Windows work?
- broken windows was implemented; crime declined
Other explanation for crime decline
- Smarter policing strategies
- Increase/ Decrease caused by rise and fall of crack cocaine epidemic
- Crime decline in NY reflects broader trends
- Change in NY and America’s demographics
- Greater incarceration rate beginning in 1970’s
Critics of Broken Windows
- low-level crime enforced disproportionately on minorities
- criminalized the poor, reinforced social prejudices, fueled incarceration boom
Different types of land use
- industrial
- residential
- recreational
- commerce
urbanization vs suburbanization
urbanization: the trend of population from rural areas
suburbanization: the appropriation and use of prductive farmland at the edge of city cores, primarily for residential use
what are the reasons for urbanization?
- rise of mass transit by car and cheap fuel
- cheap land and affordable homes appeal to expanding middle class
what are the criticisms for suburbanization?
- car dependent transportation
- leads to higher weight, poorer health
- low-density development requires costly infrastructure
- effects on social relationdhips, community; isolationist
exurbanites vs gentrification
exurbanites: people who have moved well beyond a city’s limits, but still retainan attachment to the city
gentrification: refurbishing low-cost core areas into upscale development
Plans for New Urban City Designs
- mixed land-use -combing commercial and residential areas
- higher density - keep adding more and make higher density
- shared public spaces - public art
- mixed dwelling types - different types/ style of houses
- multiple models of transportation
- commercial buildings at street level
