Unit 4 - Canadian and Global Trends

Question 1

what is homicide frequency?

Answer 1

gives the impression of danger that isn’t supported by the statistical date

Question 2

what is the function of rates?

Answer 2

rates offer a clear comparison of different sample sizes

Question 3

what is the difference between percentage and times?

Answer 3

times (or factor) is measured in hundreds of percent

Question 4

crime rates calculation

Answer 4

simple calculation: # of incidents/ population x 100,000

Question 5

what does the crime rate index
measure?

Answer 5

1. total crimes
2. specfic crimes
3. violent crimes

Question 6

what is Crime Seventy Index (CSI)

Answer 6

• assigns a weight to all crimes based on their seriousness
• CSI designed to reflect changes in crime patterns mre accurately

Question 7

collectivist vs. individualist

Answer 7

collectivism (nice) prioritizes the importance of the community
individualism (strict) focuses on the rights and concern of each person

Question 8

Who developed the Broken Windows theory?

Answer 8

Criminologist, George Kelling and political scientist, James Wilson

Question 9

New York Subway Experiment

Answer 9

• no one took the Subway in the 70s and 80s because it was deemed too dangerous
• New York was going bankrupt
• Hired David Gunn in 1984 to clean up the system
• Safety improved on subways, less crime, ridership increases in late 80s into 90s

Question 10

What is the theory based on?

Answer 10

theory is based on signs of disorder
* damaged/vandalized buildings
* public drunkness
* homeless people
* graffiti
* litter

Question 11

Did Broken Windows work?

Answer 11

• broken windows was implemented; crime declined

Question 12

Other explanation for crime decline

Answer 12

1. Smarter policing strategies
2. Increase/ Decrease caused by rise and fall of crack cocaine epidemic
3. Crime decline in NY reflects broader trends
4. Change in NY and America’s demographics
5. Greater incarceration rate beginning in 1970’s

Question 13

Critics of Broken Windows

Answer 13

• low-level crime enforced disproportionately on minorities
• criminalized the poor, reinforced social prejudices, fueled incarceration boom

Question 14

Different types of land use

Answer 14

• industrial
• residential
• recreational
• commerce

Question 15

urbanization vs suburbanization

Answer 15

urbanization: the trend of population from rural areas
suburbanization: the appropriation and use of prductive farmland at the edge of city cores, primarily for residential use

Question 16

what are the reasons for urbanization?

Answer 16

• rise of mass transit by car and cheap fuel
• cheap land and affordable homes appeal to expanding middle class

Question 17

what are the criticisms for suburbanization?

Answer 17

• car dependent transportation
• leads to higher weight, poorer health
• low-density development requires costly infrastructure
• effects on social relationdhips, community; isolationist

Question 18

exurbanites vs gentrification

Answer 18

exurbanites: people who have moved well beyond a city’s limits, but still retainan attachment to the city
gentrification: refurbishing low-cost core areas into upscale development

Question 19

Plans for New Urban City Designs

Answer 19

• mixed land-use -combing commercial and residential areas
• higher density - keep adding more and make higher density
• shared public spaces - public art
• mixed dwelling types - different types/ style of houses
• multiple models of transportation
• commercial buildings at street level