Unit 4: Body Systems and Related Conditions Flashcards
the condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best.
homeostasis
physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body.
metabolism
to widen
dilate
To narrow
Constrict
the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use.
atrophy
the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to lack of activity.
contracture
swelling
inflammation
an illness in which the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue in the body.
autoimmune illness
a type of arthritis in which joints become inflamed, red, swollen, and very painful, resulting in restricted movement and possible deformities.
rheumatoid arthritis
common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis.
osteoarthritis
a disease that causes bones to become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily.
osteoporosis
the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months.
menopause
a doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.
partial weight-bearing (PWB)
a doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs.
non-weight-bearing (NWB)
a doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight (100%) on both legs.
full weight-bearing (FWB)
paralysis on one side of the body.
hemiplegia
weakness on one side of the body.
hemiparesis
trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing
expressive aphasia
difficulty understanding spoken or written words
receptive aphasia
Inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger
Emotional liability
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
manner of walking.
gait
high blood pressure, regularly measuring 130/80 mm Hg or higher.
hypertension (HTN)
medications that reduce fluid volume in the body.
diuretics
chest pain, pressure, or discomfort.
angina pectoris
the process of breathing air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs
respiration
the process of inhaling air into the lungs.
inspiration
the process of exhaling air out of the lungs.
expiration
the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine.
urinary incontinence
the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells.
digestion
the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells.
absorption
the process of expelling wastes (made up of the waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into the cells.
elimination
inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool
fecal incontinence
the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of a hard, dry stool.
constipation
a specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool.
enema
a surgically-created opening from an area inside the body to the outside.
ostomy
an artificial opening in the body.
stoma
organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.
glands
chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions
hormones
a condition in which the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin.
diabetes
a hormone that converts glucose from the blood and into the cells for energy for the body.
insulin
natural sugar
glucose
a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
pre-diabetes
type of diabetes that appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy.
gestational diabetes
to create new human life.
to reproduce
sex glands
gonads
a cluster of abnormally-growing cells.
tumor
Bone to Bone
Joint
Muscle to bone
Tendon
Body movement of limb toward the center of the body
Adduction
Body movement of limbs away from the center of the body
Abduction
Enlarged veins in the rectum. They may also be visible outside the anus.
Hemorrhoids