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Physiology > Unit 4 - Blood > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Process of producing RBCs in bone marrow

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2
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone secreted by kidney when low O2 in blood

Stimulates eruthropoiesis by red marrow

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3
Q

List 4 roles of thrombin in blood coagulation.

A
  1. converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  2. activates factor Xlll to stabilize fibrin mesh
  3. acts in positive-feedback fashion to facilitate its own formation
  4. enhances platelet aggregation
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4
Q

hemostasis

A

arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel (aka stopping of hemorrhage)

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5
Q

3 steps of Hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. formation of platelet plug
  3. blood coagulation
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6
Q

vascular spasm

A

when vessel is injured, PARACRINE is released by the endothelial lining of the injured vessel.

Constriction slows blood flow.

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7
Q

formation of platelet plug (3 stages)

A
  1. Platelet adhesion
  2. Platelet reaction
  3. Platelet aggregation
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8
Q

Formation of platelet plug: adhesion

A

injury exposes collagen, which causes platelets to stick

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9
Q

Formation of platelet plug: reaction

A

platelets degranulate releasing:

  1. serotonin: a vasoconstrictor
  2. ADP: attracts & degranulates more platelets
  3. thromboxane A2: promotes aggregation, degranulation, & a vasoconstrictor
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10
Q

Formation of platelet plug: aggregation

A

aka White Thrombus

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11
Q

What makes up hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

Globin = 4 polypeptide chains of amino acids (protein)

Each polypeptide chain has a HEME unit

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 O2 molecules

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12
Q

neutrophils

A
  • Leukocyte / WBC
  • granulocyte; nuclei w/2-5 lobes
  • make up 60-70% of white blood cells
  • phagocytic - form NETs
  • first defenders
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13
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • WBC
  • agranulocyte
  • 25-33% of WBC
  • large nucleus
  • B & T type
  • involved in diverse infections & immune responses
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14
Q

monocytes

A
  • agranulocyte
  • 3-8% of WBC
  • differentiate into macrophages
  • phagocytize pathogens & debris
  • “present” antigens to activate other immune cells
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15
Q

eosinophils

A
  • granulocyte w/lobed nuclei
  • 1-4% of WBC
  • respond to allergies & parasitic infections
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16
Q

basophils

A
  • granulocyte w/lots of grans that cover nuclei
  • < 1% of WBC
  • store heparin & histamine
17
Q

Factor I

A

Fibrinogen - soluble plasma protein that converts to Fibrin

Both intrinsic & extrinsic

18
Q

Factor II

A

Prothrombin: factor X converts Prothrombin to Thrombin

both intrinsic & extrinsic

19
Q

What is thrombin?

A

activates Factor XIII - which stabilizes fibrin meshwork

20
Q

Factor III

A

Thromboplastin
released by damaged tissue
Initiates Extrinsic pathway (only)

21
Q

Factor IV

A

Ca2+
mineral required in most steps
both intrinsic & extrinsic

22
Q

Factor V

A

both intrinsic & extrinsic

23
Q

Factor VII

A

extrinsic only

24
Q

Factor VIII

A

Anti-hemophilia factor
instrinsic only
deficiency causes Hemophilia A

25
Q

Factor IX

A

intrinsic only

26
Q

Factor X

A

both

when activated acts as prothrombin activator

27
Q

Factor XI

A

intrinsic only

28
Q

Factor XII

A

Hageman Factor
initiates fibrinolysis (breakdown of clot)
triggers instrinsic pathway

29
Q

Factor XIII

A

fibrin stabilizing factor
inserts cross-links between fibrin threads
both

30
Q

plasmin

A

a plasma protein made in liver & present in blood
inactive form is PLASMINOGEN
activated by Factor XII
gets caught in clot; later breaks it down

31
Q

Stages of Coagulation

A
  1. Formation of Prothrombin activator (thru Instrinsic or Extrinsic pathway)
  2. Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin
  3. Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin
32
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

3 steps

initiated by Factor III - Tissue Thromboplastin -> goes straight to Factor X

33
Q

Instrinsic pathway

A

7 steps
initiated by Factor XII - Hageman Factor
Steps – XII, XI, IX, X

34
Q

common pathway

A 
Factor X -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin 
Factor XIII (activated by thrombin) -> stabilizes fibrin
35
Q

fibrinolysis

A

removal of clot after healing

plasmin breaks down clot

36
Q

3 chemicals that prevent thrombosis

A
  1. heparin
  2. Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) - from lungs
  3. Antithrombin III - from liver; deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen
37
Q

role of vit K

A

involved in the synthesis of many clotting factors

38
Q

Warfarin (drug)

A

given to prevent clotting
vit K antagonist
interferes w/formation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X

Physiology (15 decks)

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