unit 4 aos2 Flashcards
mental wellbeing
an individual’s state of mind, enjoyment of life, and ability to cope with the normal stresses of everyday life and develop to their potential
functioning
generally refers to how well an individual independently performs or operates in their environment
Level of functioning corresponds with
how adaptively a person is meeting the challenges of living across a range of areas
adaptive behaviour
any behaviour that enables the individual to adjust to the environment appropriately and effectively
maladaptive behaviour
any behaviour that is counterproductive or otherwise interferes with the individual’s ability to adjust to the environment
resillience
the ability to successfully cope with and manage change, uncertainty and adversity, and to ‘bounce back’ and restore positive functioning
social emotional wellbeing - SEWB
in relation to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, a holistic, multi-dimension framework that describes and explains physical, social, emotional, spiritual and cultural wellbeing
domains of SEWB (7)
bring me food CCC S
- connection to body and behaviours
- connection to mind and emotions
- connection to family and kinships
- connection to community
- connection to culture
- connection to country
- connection to spirit, spirituality, and ancestors
internal factors
an influence on behaviour or mental processes that originates inside or within a person
biological factors
involve physiologically determined influences, often not under our control
psychological factors
involve all those influences associated with mental processes
external factors
an influence on behaviour or mental processes that originates outside a person
stress
a psychobiological response produced by internal or external stressors
anxiety
a state of arousal involving unpleasant feelings of apprehension or uneasiness that something is wrong or something unpleasant is about to happen
future oriented response
anxiety disorder
a group of mental health disorders that are characterised by chronic feelings of worry with an overall negative effect on their lives
phobia
a persistent and irrational fear of a particular object, activity or situation, which is strenuously avoided or endured with marked distress
specific phobia
an anxiety disorder characterised by marked and persistent fear about a specific object, activity or situation, typically avoided or endured with marked anxiety or distress
panic attack
period of sudden onset of intense fear or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom.
anticipatory anxiety
worry or apprehension about the possibility of being exposed to a phobic stimulus in the future.
biopsychosocial model
a way of describing and explaining how biological, psychological and social factors combine and interact to influence an individual’s behaviour and mental processes
biological factors contributing to phobias
GABA dysfunction
long term potentation
psychological factors contributing to phobias
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
cognitive biases (memory + catastrophic)
social factors contributing to phobias
specific environmental triggers
stigma around seeking treatment
interventions for biological factors
short acting GABA agonists
breathing retraining
interventions for psychological factors
CBT - cognitive behaviour therapy
systematic desensitisation
interventions for social factors
psychoeducation (challenge anxious thoughts, not encourage avoidance)
GABA
the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, making postsynaptic neurons less likely to fire
long term potentation
the long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission due to repeated strong stimulation
role of GABA in anxiety
without GABA’s inhibitory effects, activation of post synaptic neurons gets out of control, contributing to seizures. also acts as a calming agent to the excitatory neurotransmitters that contribute to anxiety
role of LTP in anxiety
LTP at the neural synapse contributes to the development and maintenance of phobias that are experienced based by strengthening the association between a phobic stimulus and a fear/anxiety response
GABA agonists
drugs that stimulate activity at the site of a postsynaptic neuron where GABA is received from a presynaptic neuron
GABA dysfunction
failure to produce, release or receive the correct amount of GABA needed to regulate neurotransmission in the brain
behaviour models
based on the theory that individuals’ actions and behaviours are learned
classical conditioning
a learning process where an involuntary associated is made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response
operant conditioning
a learning process where the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood of it being repeated again in the future
role of classical conditioning in anxiety
precipitation
acquisition of fears through association
role of operant conditioning in anxiety
perpetuation
strengthens phobia by reinforcing it
B - avoidance C - negative reinforcement
cognitive bias
a mistaken way of thinking that leads to systematic errors of judgment and faulty decision-making
memory bias
a type of cognitive bias involving distorting influences of present knowledge and feelings on the recollection of previous experiences
focus on negative instead of positive
catastrophic bias
cognitive bias which involves overestimating, exaggerating or magnifying an event, activity or situation and predicting the worst possible outcome
consistency bias (memory)
memories of past experiences are distorted through reconstruction to fit in with what is presently known or believed
change bias (memory)
whenever we recall a past experience we exaggerate the difference between what we knew or felt then and what we currently know or feel, which can lead our phobic fears to grow over time
specific environmental triggers
developing a specific phobia after a direct negative experience with an object or situation
stigma about seeking treatment
embarrassment or shame about symptoms and concerns about being negatively judged by others may discourage people with a phobia from seeking treatment.
stigma
a sign of social disapproval, often involving shame or disgrace
social stigma
the negative attitudes and beliefs held in the wider community that lead people to fear, exclude, avoid or unfairly discriminate against people with a disorder
self stigma
when an individual accepts the negative views and reactions of others, internalises them, and applies them to themself
evidence based intervention
a treatment that has been found to be effective on the basis of scientific evidence
benzodiazepines
a group of drugs that work on the central nervous system, acting selectively on GABA receptors in the brain to increase GABA’s inhibitory effects and make postsynaptic neurons resistant to excitation
breath retraining
in relation to specific phobia, an anxiety management technique that involves teaching correct breathing habits
CBT
a type of psychotherapy based on the assumption that the way people feel and behave is largely a product of the way they think; aims to identify, assess and correct faulty patterns of thinking that may be affecting mental health and wellbeing
cognitive part of CBT
distressing emotions + maladaptive behaviours
behaviour part of CBT
behaviour is learned so it can be changed
systematic desensitisation
a behaviour therapy for treatment of specific phobia that aims to replace an anxiety response with relaxation when an individual encounters a phobic stimulus
fear hierarchy
a list of feared objects or situations, ranked from least to most anxiety-producing
steps of systematic desensitisation
1 - learn a relaxation technique
2 - fear hierarchy
3 - pairing items in the hierarchy with relaxation and working up
psychoeducation
the provision of information to individuals about a mental health disorder to assist their understanding of its symptoms and treatment
protective factor
something that enhances and helps to protect mental wellbeing and reduces the likelihood that mental ill-health will occur
risk factor
something that increases the likelihood of experiencing mental ill-health, or can make existing mental health difficulties more severe or long lasting.
biological protective factors
- adequate nutritonal intake and hydration
- adequate sleep
psychological protective factors
- cognitive strategies
- behavioural strategies
- mindfulness meditation
social protective factors
– support from family and friends
cognitive behavioural strategies
a CBT technique used to identify, assess and correct faulty patterns of thinking or problem behaviours that may be adversely affecting mental health and wellbeing
behaviour activation
a CBT technique to help an individual identify and schedule activities that promote enjoyment or reduce stress
mindfullness meditation
a type of meditation in which a person focuses attention on their breathing, whilst thoughts are experienced freely as they arise
cognitive restructuring
a CBT technique thats used to help the individual identify their cognitive biases and other distorted ways of thinking, refute them, and then modify them so that they are adaptive and reasonable
cultural determinants (aboriginal + torres strait islander peoples)
protective factors that help maintain strong connections to culture, strengthen cultural identity, enhance resilience and contribute to the maintenance of good mental wellbeing
- cultural continuity
- self determination
cultural continuity
the preservation of all things to do with culture over time, and the sense of history, identity and belonging this provides
self determination
the human right to freely determine or control one’s political status and freely pursue one’s cultural, social and economic development
