Unit 4: AOS 2 - Population Issues and Challenges Flashcards
1
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
Population Trends
A
-
Total Population -123.9 mill (2022)
- Makes up 1.62% of global population
- 11th most populated country
-
Population Growth
- Began declining in 2010
- 2022 0.53% decline from 2021
- ⅓ to 85 million by 2100
- Population density - 347/km2
-
Ageing population
- Classified as hyper - ageing population
- Average age 48.4 - world 31
- 1950 - 5% of pop over 65
- 2020 - 28.4% of pop over 65
- 2054 - 36% of pop over 65
-
Dependency
- Dependents - 69
- Youth - 21
- Old - 49
-
CBR - 7.3
- WW2 baby boom in late 1940’s to 1950’s - 1950 CBR 27
- Dip in 1967 due to the superstition around the fire and horse year
- 1960’s and 1970’s second baby boom (pop momentum) - smaller as the generation became of child bearing age
- Continued to fall since 1970
-
CDR 10.8 (2020)
- Between 1950 (~11) and 1975 the CDR was decreasing due to increased access to health services - decreased by 5
- Little change between 1975 and 1987 - sense has increased due to ageing pop
-
TRF - 1.4
- 1950 - 3.56
- Declining since 1970’s
-
IMR 1.6 (2020)
- 1950 - 40
-
CMR - 2.5 (2020)
- 1971 - 16.5
-
LE - 85.03
- Hightest LE in world
- Steady increase since 1950 where LE = 60
- ~78 years good health for women - ~ 72 for men
2
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
Reasons For Population Trends
A
-
TRF
- TFR remained low due to:
- Education → women careers
- 99.90 adult literacy rate - world is 86.3
- 2015 - 78% of women of working age were employed - 1990 60%
- 50% of women stop working after having children
- Difficulty returning to work for mothers
- Education → women careers
- TFR is declining due to:
- Later age of marriage - 29.6 → ↓ reproductive years
- Children outside of marriage - 2.3% parents not married
- 60.4% - surveyed people listed as factor - child care expensive
- 11% of employees work 60+ hour weeks
- Males do 4 hours of domestic work compared to 29 hours for women
- Education fees are expensive
- High cost of living in high density cities
- TFR remained low due to:
-
CDR + LE
- Healthy diet
- Post WW2 government invested in public health, insurance and education
- Emphasis on hygiene and regular health check ups
- Retirees lead an active and healthy lifestyle
3
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
DMT
A
- Currently stage 5 due to
- Higher death rate than birth rate
- Pop falling as no longer replacing itself
- Ageing pop
4
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
Immigration
A
- 2020 - 2.29% of pop born overseas
- Since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, refugee averse Japan has accepted more
5
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
Issues and Challenges
A
-
High dependency ratio
- Loss of tax
- Benefits for the aged accounts for 70% of Japan’s social security
- Japan tax income 2021 - 39% spent on pensioners
- Intergenerational conflict - gold plan funded over angel plan
-
Shrinking populations
- ↓ supply and demand - ↓ GDP
- Labour shortage ↑ labour costs - ↑ inflation
- Threat to Japanese culture
-
Change in Household Composition
- ↑ in single person households from 3.87 mill in 2005 and 7.17 mill in 2030
-
Urbanising Population
- 92% of pop live in urban environment
6
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
National Response: The Angel Plan
Overview
A
- 1994 ‘The Angel Plan’
- 1999 ‘New Angel Plan’
- 2009 ‘Plus One Proposal’
- “1.57 shock” in Japan in 1989
-
Strategies
- Improve maternity leave and workforce re-entry after child birth
- Create family friendly work conditions
- More convenient day care - eg. at train stations
- Counselling services encouraging men to raise children
- Payments form government - $100/month
- Change to retirement age from 65 to 70
7
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
National Response: The Angel Plan
Aims
A
- Pro-natalist policy - encourage women to have more children
- Increase labour force participation by women
8
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
National Response: The Angel Plan
SWOT
3,5,3,3,3
A
-
Strengths
- Has successfully increased BR in one region (Shimojo)
- Some companies have more freedom for women in workforce
- Privatisation of day care centres has allowed access for more families without large government spending
-
Weaknesses
- Gold plan (elderly policy) at its peak during 1994, the same time the angel plan was announced - government spending was minimal → angel plan not properly implemented
- Ineffective childcare centre - lack of funding - not widely accessible
- Only 4% of social service funding set aside for services for children
- Men need to embrace working mothers and increase their role in child rearing - unlikely to happen quickly
- Not enough childcare support - 50,000 nurseries provided - 20,000 children still in need of care
-
Opportunities
- Immigration - ↑ nursing - fix unbalanced worker-retiree ratios
- National surveys - 90% of couples did not want to marry and want at least two children when they do marry which world raise the TFR 1.8
- Increase child payments → ↓ cost of childcare (education + medical fees) → relieve financial burden on families
-
Threats
- Japanese men are “workaholics” and not accepting of working mothers
- Spending on aged care ↑ → less money for Angel Plan
- Social norms of small families ingrained in the culture
-
Evaluation
- Aims not met - TFR 1.4 - down from “1.57 shock”
- In order to ↑ women participation in workforce - must change public opinion
9
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
Local Response: Yamatsuri Township
Overview
A
-
Where
- Fukushima (north-east of Tokyo)
-
Strategies
- Cut child care fees
- Extended hours of schools and daycares
- Amalgamate administrations such as nurseries, playgroups and Kinders to make it easier for families to send children of multiple ages to care
- Cash donations
- $12,000 - 3rd child
- $18,700 - 4th child
- Matchmaking services
- Created youth infrastructure - eg. Library
10
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
Local Response: Yamatsuri Township
Aims
A
- To create a sustainable town by launching a 5 year plan called “creating a town filled with the happy voice of children”
11
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
Local Response: Yamatsuri Township
SWOT
A
-
Strength
- Matchmaking has been well attended
- Slight increase in BR initially
-
Weaknesses
- Pop fell
- 2009 - 7,000
- 2015 - 6,000
- 2020 - pop 5,702
- Pop fell
-
Evaluation - aims
- Not sustainable town as pop declining
12
Q
Japan: An Ageing Population
GIS Technology
A
- 600,000 workers visit households - COVID-19 encouraged more online submissions
-
Strengths
- Create of GIS maps based
- Inform government policies
- Comparison and analysis of data
- Distribution of ageing pop - enable facilities to be erected in most convenient location
- Supplemented with other data from a range of ministries
- Conducts nationwide surveys annually on alternating topics - eg National Fertility Survey (2015)
- Allows targeted responses to low TFR
- Conducts nationwide surveys annually on alternating topics - eg National Fertility Survey (2015)
- Create of GIS maps based
-
Weaknesses
- Response rate in 2020 - 81.3 despite being mandatory
- Takes months to process data
13
Q
Bangladesh: A Growing Population
Population Trends
A
- Population - 168 mill
- Steadily increased by 2.5 times since 1971 (independence)
- 8th most populated country in the world
- 2050 - 231 mill
- Projected to increase until 2070
- Population density - 1116 people/ km2
- 90% of land has average elevation of 10m
- Population growth rate
- 1967 - 3.3% - peak
- 1980 - 2.7%
- 2022 - 1.01%
- Pop momentum means despite falling growth rate - pop will increase
-
Dependency
- Dependency ratio - 45.1
- Old age dependency ratio - 7.7
- Youth dependency ratio - 37.4
-
TFR - 1.9
- 1971 - 7
- Projected to continue to decline until 2100
- Despite TFR below replacement (2.1) - still pop increase due to pop momentum
-
CBR - 17.5 (2020)
- 1971 - 47
- Expected to continue declining until 2100
-
CDR - 5.5 (2020)
- 1971 - 19.2
- Expected to continue falling
-
MMR - 173 (2017)
- 2000 - 434
-
IMR - 22.6
- 1961 - 170
- 2022 - 4.47% decline from 2021.
- Below world average
- Declining steadily
-
CMR - 31 (2019)
- 1961 - 250
- World - 26.71
- Declining steadily
-
LE - 72.8 (2020)
- 1972 - 41.8
- World - 73
14
Q
Bangladesh: A Growing Population
Reasons for Population Trends
A
- TFR
- Contraceptive use increased from 0 in 1974 to over 66% in 2022
- Education around family planning increased - programs such as MHC FP Extension Project
-
Literacy increased among women
- 1991 - 36%
- Females - 27%
- 2019 - 74%
- Females - 72%
- 1991 - 36%
-
Early marriage age = higher TFR
- The marriage age is under review - official legal age is 18
- 65% of women get married before 18 years
- 29% of marriages occur with girls being aged under 15 years
- Bangladesh in top 10 countries in the world for child marriage
- COVID-19 led to an increase in child marriages
- Previously high IMR’s led to families having more children in case some died
-
Increase in income - prevent poverty and high TFR
- GNI/capita
- 1972 - US$600
- 2020 - 2,364 USD
- GNI/capita
- Globalisation provided job opportunities for women in the textiles industry
- CDR
-
Vaccination rates for children have increased
- Measles vaccination (children 2-23 months) increased from close to 0% in 1982 to nearly 100% in 2022
- Access to clean water and sanitation
- Pre-natal and neo-natal care of women has improved
- 2000 56% of children under 5 were considered stunted in their growth - 2020 30.3%
- Skilled attendance at birth - increased from 10% in 1994 to 68% in 2017
-
Vaccination rates for children have increased
- LE
- Lower CBR and CDR
15
Q
Bangladesh: A Growing Population
DTM
A
- Stage 2
- Rapid decrease CDR while CBR remains high
- Population will rise because births outnumber deaths, not because the birth rate is rising
