Unit 4: AOS 1 - Population Dynamics Flashcards
1
Q
Population Density/ Distribution
A
- The average number of people per km2 = total pop divided by total land area in km2
-
Statistics
- % of population
- Oceania - 0.56%
- North America - 4.73%
- Latin America and the Caribbean - 8.37%
- Europe - 9.77%
- Africa - 17.51%
- Asia - 59.33%
- Less than 10% live in the Southern Hemisphere
- 4 bill live within 200 km of the coastline
- Antarctica is the only continent without a permanent pop
- 56% of the pop live in towns and cities - increasing
- % of population
2
Q
Population Growth
A
- Current pop 7.9 bill
- Pop growth peaked in 1968 at 2.1%
- 2021 - pop growth was 1.03%
- Top 3 countries by pop growth
- Syria - 5.32%
- South Sudan
- Burundi
- Bottom 3 Countries - by pop growth
- Bulgaria - -0.63%
- Latvia
- Ukraine
3
Q
Factors Influencing the Population Growth
Natural Increase
A
- Total amount of births - total amount of deaths in a pop (if negative= natural decrease)
4
Q
Factors Influencing the Population Growth
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
A
- Defined as the number of births per 1000 people per year in a given pop
- Interconnected with economic conditions - eg. LEDC’s have higher CBR’s
- World average 18.1 - decreasing globally
- Lowest - Japan 7.3
- Highest - Niger 47.5
5
Q
Factors Influencing the Population Growth
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
A
- The amount of births per woman of child bearing age (15-49)
- World average - 2.42 - decreasing globally
- 2.1 TFR is the replacement level ie. pop neither shrinks nor increases
- Pop momentum
- Where places with TFR < 2.1 has a high pop due to large numbers of young people becoming of a child bearing age
- Lowest - South Korea 0.81
- Highest - Niger 7
6
Q
Factors Influencing the Population Growth
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
A
- Number of deaths per 1000 people
- World average - 7.7
- Highest - Lesotho (Western Africa) 15.4
- High pop of young immigrant workers leads to low CDR
- Emirates - 1.6
- Ageing pop leads to high death rate
- Japan - 10.8
7
Q
Factors Influencing the Population Growth
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
A
- Average number of deaths of persons less than one year of age per 1000 live birth
- World average - 26.7
- Highest - Sierra Leone - 80.10
- Lowest - Iceland - 0.7%
8
Q
Factors Influencing the Population Growth
Child Mortality Rate (CMR)
A
- Average number of death of children under the age of five (including infants) per 1000 live births
9
Q
Factors Influencing the Population Growth
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
A
- Number of mothers who die of pregnancy-related conditions or within 42 days of termination of a pregnancy
10
Q
Factors Influencing the Population Growth
Life Expectancy (LE)
A
- Defined as the average number of years a person can be expected to live from birth
- World average - 72.7
- Highest - Hong Kong - 85.3
- Lowest - Central African Republic - 53
11
Q
Population Pyramids
A
12
Q
Malthusian Theory
A
- 2 principes;
- Pop increases at an exponential rate
- Food production increases at an arithmetic (linear) rate
- Further growth would continue until a ‘Malthusian Crisis’ (food exceeds pop growth) was reached, resulting in;
- Misery ie. famine, epidemic and war
- Vice ie. perverted, sexual behaviour and infanticide
- Moral restraint ie. late marriage and celibacy
- These are known as malthusian crisis
- Malthus has been proven wrong due to;
- Food production is not linear
- Large increase in food production caused by;
- Green revolution - fertilisers, irrigation etc.
- Gene revolution - GMO’s
- The blue revolution - commercial fishing
- Large increase in food production caused by;
- Pop growth is not exponential
- Pop growth - 1968 pop growth - 2.1% but now is 1.03%
- However new malthusian theory could be applied to Bangladesh with limited resources
- Food production is not linear
- Neo-malthusian theory
- Pop will outstrip resources
- Restricting the number of children will reduce strain on resources
- Able to make a modern day connection with finite resources leading to environmental degradation and resource depletion
- Climate change will further negatively impact food production
13
Q
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
A
- Examples
- 1: High Stationary - no countries (pre-industrialisation)
- 2: Early Expanding- Egypt
- 3: Late Expanding - Brazil
- 4: Low Stationary - Japan
- 5: Declining? - Germany
- Advantages
- Describes pop over time
- Although general can be applied to MEDC’s
- Allows simple statements to be made about characteristics
- Disadvantages
- It does not forecast changes or explain progress from one stage to another
- It does not claim universality
- Just because a country is in stage 3 does not mean that it will progress to stage 4
- Natural increase not migration
14
Q
Population Movement
Types of Migrants
A
- Migrant - a person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work or better living conditions
- Naturalised citizens - a person who gains citizenship either naturally or by applying
- Refugees - a person fleeing their country as a result of war, conflict or persecution - have crossed a border - usually persecuted due to religion, race, gender etc.
- Asylum seekers - a person who has applied for registered protection, but has not been processed
- Unauthorised immigrants - a foreign person who is living in a country without having official permission to live there
- International student
- Internally displaced person - a refugee that has not crossed a border
- Stateless person - a person without a nationality
15
Q
Population Movement
International Migrant Definition
A
- UNESCO - Any person who lives temporarily or permanently in a country where he or she was not born, and has acquired some significant social ties to this country.
