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Psych 3/4 > unit 4 aos 2 > Flashcards

unit 4 aos 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

mental wellbeing

A
  • involves our state of mind, enjoyment of life & ability to cope with stresses of everyday life
  • our ability to think, process information and regulate our emotions
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2
Q

social wellbeing

A

the ability of an individual to form meaningful bonds with other and adapt to different social situations

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3
Q

emotional wellbeing

A

the ability of an individual to appropriately control and express their own emotions in an adaptive way, and understand the emotions of others

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4
Q

levels of functioning

A

refers to how well an individual independently performs or ‘functions’ in their environment
- varies in level/degree and is represented on a continuum
correspond with daily living skills, school and work settings, interpersonal relationships, emotions, cognitive skills, etc.

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5
Q

resilience

A
  • the ability to successfully cope with & manage change and uncertainty.
  • bouncing back from adversity or difficult experiences
  • it is not fixed
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6
Q

adaptive vs maladaptive behaviour

A

adaptive: any behaviour that enables the individual to adjust to the environment appropriately and effectively. adapt to demands of daily living
maladaptive: detrimental, counterproductive or otherwise interferes with the ability to adjust to the environment & fulfill their roles in society.

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7
Q

social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB)

A
  • framework that includes all elements of being for aboriginal and torres strait islander people, describes the physical, social, emotional, spiritual and cultural wellbeing of a person
  • it is a holistic, multi-dimensional view of health that looks at various different components
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8
Q

7 domains of SEWB

A
  1. connection to body and behaviours
  2. connection to mind and emotions
  3. connection to family and kinships
  4. connection to community
  5. connection to culture
  6. connection to country
  7. connection to spirit, spirituality and ancestors
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9
Q

connection to body and behaviours

A

involves physical HWB, and feeling a strong & positive connection to ones body

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10
Q

connection to mind and emotions

A

emphasises the individuals personal experience of their MWB, linked with spirituality

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11
Q

connection to family and kinships

A

central to the functioning of traditional & contemporary aboriginal & torres strait islander lives

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12
Q

connection to community

A

connection to a communal space that provides opportunities for people to connect with each other, support each other & work together

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13
Q

connection to culture

A

sense of cultural identity through connection to heritage, provides a sense of community

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14
Q

connection to country

A
  • an area where IP’s have a spiritual association and deep sense of belonging to an area
  • relationship with country underpins all forms of wellbeing
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15
Q

connection to spirit, spirituality and ancestors

A

recognises the sacred relationship between country, human & non-human beings, includes knowledge & belief systems & the dreaming

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16
Q

mental wellbeing as a continuum

A
  • mental wellbeing fluctuates over time depending on what is going on in our lives
  • it is not something we have or don’t have, there are varying levels
  • continuum tracks fluctuating mwb
  • ranges from high (mentally well)- functioning independently, coping with everyday demands, to low (mentally unwell)- distressed, unable to meet demands of the environment.
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17
Q

measuring mental wellbeing on a continuum

A
  • mentally healthy at one end, mental disorder/ mentally unhealthy at the other
  • mental unwellness varies in severity
  • location on the continuum is not fixed and varies based on internal & external factors
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18
Q

internal factors influencing mental wellbeing

A

influences that originate within a person
- biological
- psychological

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19
Q

biological factors influencing mental wellbeing

A

physiologically based influences that are not under our control
> internal factors
> genetics, sex, imbalances in neurotransmitters, brain and nervous system functioning, bodily responses to stress

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20
Q

psychological factors influencing mental wellbeing

A

influences associated with mental processes
> includes ways of thinking, beliefs, attitudes, how we understand & experience emotions

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21
Q

external factors influencing mental wellbeing

A

influences that originate outside a person
- social factors
> school and work factors, access to support, going through a breakup, exposure to stressors, interpersonal relationships

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22
Q

internal and external factors influencing mental wellbeing

A
  • both affected by one another
  • combine to affect a persons mental wellbeing
  • certain factors can have more or less of an impact at a given time.
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23
Q

stress

A
  • psychobiological response produced by internal or external stressors
  • gives the body the necessary resources to fight the stressor
  • can be helpful to our performance in some circumstances
  • may be acute and short lasting, or chronic and long lasting
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24
Q

anxiety

A
  • state of psychological and physiological arousal involving feelings of apprehension or uneasiness that something is wrong or something unpleasant is about to happen
    > physiological changes such as increased heart rate, respiration, muscles tensing, sweat
  • we usually feel anxious for a brief amount of time in response to a situation, severe anxiety experienced most of the time can cause intense physiological responses such as shortness of breath, sweating, trembling, dizziness
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25
Q

fear

A
  • short-lived response to a clearly identifiable & specific threat
  • heightened anxiety response such as fight-flight-freeze response can be useful in dealing with immediately threatening situations
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26
Q

anxiety disorder

A

group of mental health disorders characterised by chronic feelings of worry, excessive apprehension or fear about the future, with an overall negative effect on their lives
- stress, anxiety and phobia all have characteristics in common
> phobia = mix of stress & anxiety, stress causes anxiety
> stress & anxiety can contribute to mental health disorder, phobia is a mental health disorder
>

27
Q

specific phobia

A
  • a persistent, irrational and intense fear or anxiety about a particular object, activity or situation
  • fear experienced is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the situation
  • usually become fearful at the thought of the object or situation they dread
  • anxiety disorder
  • exposure to the phobic stimulus results in an acute stress response involving physiological changes like those of the FFF
  • broken down into categories of animals, situations, blood/injections/injuries, and natural environments
28
Q

phobic stimulus

A

the object or situation producing the fear
- involves stress & anxiety at significant levels

29
Q

panic attack

A

a period of sudden fear or terror, associated with feelings of impending doom
- can be expected, with a trigger, or occur out of the blue
- can occur in a state of calm or an anxious state

30
Q

the biopsychosocial influences contributing to specific phobia

A

the interconnected way that factors influence human behaviour and development
- biological: GABA dysfunction, LTP
- psychological: behavioural models (classical & operant conditioning), cognitive biases (memory bias, catastrophic thinking)
- social: environmental triggers, stigma around seeking treatment

31
Q

influence of GABA dysfunction on developing specific phobia

A

GABA: inhibitory neurotransmitter, making postsynaptic neurons less likely to be activated
GABA dysfunction = low levels of GABA, causing an individuals stress response to be activated more easily, and they may find it harder to calm down.
- makes seizures, anxiety disorders, predisposition for specific phobia more likely to occur
- repeated stress responses to the same stimuli can lead to the development of a specific phobia

32
Q

what causes GABA dysfunction

A
  • genetic inheritance
  • CNS damage
  • exposure to prolonged stress
  • deficiencies in vitamin B6 & citric acid
  • high caffeine intake
33
Q

influence of long term potentiation (LTP) on developing specific phobia

A
  • the long lasting strengthening of synaptic connections between 2 neurons, enables learning and memory
  • strengthens the association between the phobic stimulus & the fear response through its repeated activity at the synapse
    > thinking about a phobic experience brings it into conscious awareness, activating & stimulating the neural pathway and therefore strengthening the phobia through LTP
  • emotional significance attached to the phobic stimulus can also strengthen the neural pathway
34
Q

behavioural models

A
  • psychological influence on specific phobia
  • precipitation by classical conditioning
  • perpetuation by operant conditioning
35
Q

precipitation by classical conditioning

A
  • a stimulus with no significance becomes, by association, a sign of threat or danger. the fear response (UCS) becomes a conditioned response (UCR), precipitating a phobia
  • precipitate = contribute to development of phobia
    NS = no response
    NS - UCS = UCR
    CS = CR
36
Q

perpetuation by operant conditioning

A
  • perpetuation = maintain/ continue phobia, factors that inhibit a person’s ability to recover from it
  • avoidance of a phobic stimulus acts as a negative reinforcer, perpetuating the phobia
    eg. from booklet-
    A= spider
    B= avoidance of sand
    C= negative reinforcement (strengthening a behaviour by taking something away)
37
Q

cognitive biases

A
  • psychological factors
  • the tendency to think about and process info in a certain way. it can contribute to a phobia by causing someone to view certain stimuli as threatening
  • memory bias
  • catastrophic thinking
38
Q

memory bias

A

type of cognitive bias caused by an inaccurate or exaggerated recollection of phobic events & information as compared to other information
> eg. remembering a frog bigger than it really was

39
Q

catastrophic thinking

A

type of cognitive bias involving a tendency to use irrational thinking to overestimate or exaggerate a stimulus to be far worse than it actually is and assume worst possible outcome
> eg. believing a frog will jump up and suffocate you

40
Q

specific environmental triggers contributing to phobia

A
  • social factor
  • a specific stimuli or experiences in a person’s environment that may become a phobic stimulus if it is associated with a negative or traumatic experience
  • triggers can include direct confrontation, observation, learning (or indirect confrontation)
41
Q

stigma, contributing to specific phobia

A
  • a sign of social disapproval, causing feelings of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others
  • could prevent an individual from seeking treatment as it may not be socially acceptable, which could contribute to the worsening of the phobia
42
Q

evidence based interventions to treat specific phobia

A
  • treatments that have been found to be effective on the basis of scientific evidence
  • these are crucial to the delivery of mental health care, and are based on evidence rather than just theory
43
Q

biological interventions to manage phobia

A

target bodily mechanisms believed to be contributing to a phobia
- anti anxiety benzodiazepine agents
- breathing training

44
Q

anti-anxiety benzodiazepine agents

A
  • targets GABA dysfunction, increasing its inhibitory effects to make postsynaptic neurons resistant to excitation
  • sedatives that slow down CNS activity
  • GABA agonist, treating the symptoms of anxiety, not the cause
  • highly effective in the short term, but can reduce alertness in the long term
45
Q

GABA agonist (benzodiazepine)

A
  • chemical substance that stimulates activity at the postsynaptic neuron where GABA is received from a presynaptic neuron (inhibitory effect)
  • if present, it amplifies the impact of GABA
46
Q

what is an antagonist

A

inhibit a neurotransmitters activity, reduces GABA activity & increases anxiety symptoms

47
Q

short vs long acting benzodiazepine

A

short acting: cleared from the body in a short period of time
long acting: accumulates in the bloodstream & takes longer to leave the body

48
Q

breathing retraining

A
  • breathing retraining helps maintain correct breathing when exposed to a phobic stimulus
  • overbreathing/ hyperventilation can occur when experiencing a phobic reaction, causing shortness of breath, creating an imbalance of CO2 and O2
  • slow, regular breathing promotes relaxation & reduces anxiety symptoms
49
Q

psychological interventions to manage phobia

A
  • cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
  • systematic desensitisation
50
Q

cognitive behaviour therapy

A
  • psychotherapy which intends to change thoughts and behaviours that perpetuate specific phobia to treat it
  • individuals identify current unhelpful thoughts, feelings and behaviours that perpetuate the phobia & challenge them, replacing with more adaptive ones, to help them function better now & in the future
    cognitive part: distressing feelings and maladaptive behaviours are the result of faulty thinking patterns
    behavioural part: idea that behaviour is learnt and can be changed
51
Q

systematic desensitisation

A

aims to replace an anxiety response with a relaxation response when a person encounters or anticipates a phobic stimulus

52
Q

steps of systematic desensitisation

A
  1. teach the person a relaxation technique
    > breathing
  2. break down feared objects into a hierarchy of least to most anxiety inducing
  3. pair the items in the hierarchy with the relaxation technique by working upwards from least to most fear inducing.
53
Q

social interventions to manage phobia

A

psychoeducation for family & supporters:
- provision & explanation of information to individuals & supporters about their phobia to assist in their understanding of its characteristics & treatment
- increased understanding of the phobia, characteristics and treatment can help people to cope more effectively
> challenging unrealistic or anxious thoughts
> not encouraging avoidance behaviours

54
Q

challenging unrealistic or anxious thoughts

A
  • negative, anxious thoughts about a phobic stimulus that tend to overestimate how bad it will be if they are exposed to the object
  • families & supporters can help in coping with or overcoming a phobia by encouraging them to recognise their anxious or unrealistic thoughts.
55
Q

not encouraging avoidance behaviour

A
  • help the individual realise that avoiding the phobic stimulus is counterproductive, and that through repeatedly facing the fear, they will see that the worst is not going to happen.
56
Q

protective factors for phobia

A

enhance and protect mental wellbeing, and reduce the risk of mental ill health occurring
1. disassociating
2. flight fight freeze
3. psychologist
4. family/ friends
5. medication

57
Q

biological protective factors from phobia

A
  • adequate nutritional intake & hydration
    > fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, water
  • adequate sleep
58
Q

psychological protective factors from phobia

A

influences on mental processes & promote mental wellbeing
- cognitive behavioural strategies
> cognitive restructuring
> behavioural activation
- mindfulness meditation

59
Q

cognitive behavioural strategies

A

techniques from CBT which address faulty patterns of thinking or negative behaviours that may be affecting MWB
- cognitive strategies:
> identify dysfunctional feelings and thoughts, and challenging these with by replacing them with more functional ones
- behavioural strategies:
> involves identifying dysfunctional behaviours & developing and maintaining more functional ones relating to the issue.
1. monitor current activities
2. list activities associated with enjoyment
3. plan & complete the activities
4. evaluate the schedule

60
Q

mindfulness/ meditation

A
  • the practice of meditation in which an individual focuses on their present experience to promote feelings of calm and peace. pay attention to present thoughts, feelings & surroundings
  • paying full attention & being present in what you are doing
  • controlled breathing helps to calm the body down, slow physiological responses associated with anxiety, improving WB
  • mindfulness meditation can increase emotional reactivity, decrease likelihood of rumination, stress and improve memory
61
Q

social protective factors for phobia

A

support from family, friends and community
- social support: refers to the assistance, care or comfort provided by people to each other
- evidence based tips:
1. validate first, reframe second
2. avoid downward spirals
3. be authentic & energising
4. listen well
5. be responsive, not dismissive

62
Q

cultural determinants on wellbeing for aboriginal & TSI people

A

protective factors that help maintain strong connections to culture, strengthen identity and contribute to maintenance of good MWB
- cultural continuity
- self-determination

63
Q

cultural continuity

A

culture = way of life of a particular group (language, beliefs, attitudes)
- preservation of all things to do with FN culture, keeping traditions alive, boosting self esteem and MWB and providing a sense of belonging
- maintaining connection to culture & community, passing on knowledge to younger generations

64
Q

self-determination

A
  • refers to the state of being free to control ones own life, and pursue cultural, social & economic development without interference. ensures indigenous people the power & resources to support their own wellbeing
  • mental health services are tailored to each communities priorities & goals
  • rather than being consulted on mental health policies, they are empowered to take ownership for delivering services on their own terms

Psych 3/4 (5 decks)

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