Unit 4 AoS 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Classification
A
The arrangement of phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets
2
Q
Identification
A
A process of recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular sets or possibly being part of a new or unique set
3
Q
Altered state of consciousness (ASC)
A
Any change in our awareness of our thoughts, feelings and perceptions at any point in time, that is notably different to normal waking consciousness
4
Q
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A
- Electrodes are placed on the scalp
- Electrical current underneath is detected
- Electrical current is recorded in the form of brainwaves
5
Q
Brainwave patterns vary in terms of:
A
- Frequency (how often they occur in a set period of time)
- Amplitude (how high the peaks and low the troughs)
6
Q
Which type of sleep has higher frequency and lower amplitude (in terms of brainwaves)?
A
Rapid eye movement (REM)
7
Q
Which type of sleep has lower frequency and higher amplitude (in terms of brainwaves)?
A
Non rapid eye movement (NREM)
8
Q
Electromyography (EMG) and what the electrical activity indicates
A
- Electrodes are placed on the muscles in the limbs
- Electrical current is detected
- Electrical current is recorded as an indicator of muscle tension
- Low levels of electrical activity indicates low muscle tension resulting in less movement
- High levels of electrical activity indicates high muscle tension resulting in more movement
9
Q
Which type of sleep has medium to low levels of electrical activity, indicating little muscle tension, depending on how deep the sleep is (using EMG)?
A
Non rapid eye movement (NREM)
10
Q
Which type of sleep has the lowest levels of electrical activity indicating even less muscle tension, that is linked to the ‘sleep paralysis’ (using EMG)?
A
Rapid eye movement (REM)
11
Q
Electro-oculography (EOG)
A
- Electrodes are placed on the muscles to the left and right of each eye
- Electrical current is detected
- Electrical current is recorded as an indicator of muscles tension
- Low electrical activity indicates low muscle tension resulting is less movement from the eyes
- High electrical activity indicates high muscle tension resulting in more movement from the eyes
12
Q
Other ways to measure physiological responses associated with sleep
A
- Video monitoring which records observable sleep disturbances such as sleep walking and environmental sleep disturbances such as noise
- Sleep diaries which provide self-reports about habits and thoughts and feelings surrounding sleep
13
Q
Biological rhythms
A
Patterns of changes that occur systematically over a period of time, and that are regulated by internal biological mechanisms.
14
Q
Once every 24 hours
A
Circadian rhythm
15
Q
More frequently than once a day
A
Ultradian rhythms
16
Q
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) AKA internal body clock location and role
A
- Located in the hypothalamus above the optic nerve which carries sensory input from the eyes to the brain
- Relies heavily on input from the eyes such as the presence of light to keep us in a 24 hour cycle
- Initiates the release of melatonin to help us sleep and cortisol to wake us up
17
Q
Melatonin
A
- SCN notices a lack of light and initiates melatonin production from the pineal gland
- Helps us to sleep meaning it is hard to sleep without it
18
Q
Cortisol
A
- SCN notices light and initiates cortisol production from the adrenal gland
- Helps wake us up
19
Q
Two main and distinct types of sleep
A
- NREM sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep)
- REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep)
20
Q
Non rapid eye movement (NREM)
A
- Goes from light to deep sleep
- Occurs first in the sleep cycle
- Benefits our body with the release of growth hormones and repairs body tissue
21
Q
Rapid eye movement (REM) AKA dream sleep
A
- Light sleep
- Helps our memory, concentration, problem-solving, creativity, decision making and learning (mainly brain health)
- The first experience of REM lasts for 10 minutes and periods get longer and occur closer together as the cycle repeats
22
Q
What does EEG, EMG, EOG and video monitoring record during REM?
A
- EEG: brain waves have the highest frequency and lowest amplitude
- EMG: lowest electrical activity
- EOG: high level of electrical activity
- Video monitoring: person is lying down with no large muscle movement but may be twitching
23
Q
NREM Stage 1
A
- So light you might not even know you slept
- Occurs only once during a sleep-wake cycle for 5 minutes
24
Q
What does EEG, EMG, EOG and video monitoring record during NREM stage 1?
A
- EEG: brain waves have high to medium frequency and low amplitude
- EMG: moderate to low levels of electrical activity
- EOG: moderate to low levels of electrical activity
- Video monitoring: persons eyes are closed, body is slumped and some movement may occur to get comfortable
25
NREM Stage 2
- Sleep deepens
- First experience lasts for 20 minutes and makes up for 50% of our sleep
26
What does EEG, EMG, EOG and video monitoring record during NREM stage 2?
- EEG: brainwaves have moderate frequency and amplitude
- EMG: moderate to low levels of electrical activity
- EOG: low levels of electrical activity
- Video monitoring: persons eyes are closed, they are laying down and there is limited movement
27
NREM Stage 3
- Deepest sleep and the person may be confused when they are woken
- First experience goes for 30-60 minutes and periods gradually get shorter as the cycle repeats until they disappear entirely
28
What does EEG, EMG, EOG and video monitoring record during NREM stage 3 sleep?
- EEG: brainwaves have lowest frequency and highest amplitude
- EMG: low levels of electrical activity
- EOG: low levels of electrical activity
- Video monitoring: persons eyes are closed, they are lying down and there is limited movement
29
How the sleep cycle works
- The first cycle goes through stage 1, 2, 3, 2 then REM and lasts for 90 minutes
- Then next cycle goes back to stage 2, 3, 2 and REM
- As the night goes on, periods of REM get longer and occur closer together whereas periods of NREM stage 3 get shorter and eventually disappear
- We experience this sleep cycle 4-5 times a night
30
Repeatability
Looking at how close the second set of data is to the first when the same thing is being measured under the same conditions
31
Reproducibility
This is done by looking at how close the second set of data is to the first when the same thing is measured but the conditions have changed.
32
Newborn/infant (ages 0-11 months)
- Sleeps for 16 hours a day broken into several sleep-wake phases
- Half of sleep is spent in REM and half in NREM
- This demand for sleep is due to rapid brain development in this stage of life
33
Toddler (ages 1-2)
- Sleeps for 12 hours a day usually during the night but naps are still common
- A third of sleep is spent in REM
- This demand for sleep is due to significant growth and development in this stage of life
34
Child (ages 3-12)
- Sleeps for 10 hours a day usually in one go all at night
- A quarter of sleep is spent in REM
- This demand for sleep has decreased because they are fully developed but will still continue to grow and form synapses
35
Teenager (ages 13-17)
- Most teenagers get 8 hours of sleep but it is recommended to get 9
- 20-25% of sleep is spent in REM
- This demand for sleep is due to hormonal changes occurring which explains why it hasn't changed much from the child category
36
Adult (ages 18-64)
- Requires 8 hours of sleep
- 20-25% of sleep is spent in REM
37
Elderly (65+)
- Requires 8 hours of sleep
- 20-25% of sleep is spent in REM
- Their sleep may feel lighter due to most of their sleep occurring in stage 2 NREM
38
What is sleep?
An explanation of a group of characteristics such as reduced awareness and muscle tone
39
What is a naturally occurring ASC?
One that occurs without a deliberate choice being made such as sleep
40
What is an induced ASC?
One that occurs deliberately such as the use of drugs or meditation
41
What is sleep deprivation?
- Going without sleep
- Partial sleep deprivation is either poor quality sleep or not getting enough
- Total sleep deprivation is going without sleep for at least 24 hours
42
Impacts of partial sleep deprivation on affective functioning (feelings)
- More likely to experience negative emotions
- Inappropriate emotional reactions
43
Impacts of partial sleep deprivation on behavioural functioning (actions)
- Reduced spatial awareness, motor control and coordination
- Slower movement, reaction time and performance time
- clumsiness
- slumping or slouching
44
Impacts of partial sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning (thinking)
- Difficulty concentrating, learning, decision making, thinking, reasoning, following conversation and processing new information
- Brain fog
- Memory failure
- Impaired creativity
- Increased sensitivity to sensory input
- Less protein synthesis in the brain
45
Impacts of total sleep deprivation on affective functioning (feelings)
- Lower mood
- Increased risk of experiencing anxiety and depression
- Difficulty regulating mood
46
Impacts of total sleep deprivation on behavioural functioning (actions)
- A slowed heart rate
- Shaking and tremors
- Drooping eyelids
- Slurred speech
- Immune function impairment.
47
Impacts of total sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning (thinking)
- Increased sensitivity to pain
- Impaired memory and judgement
- Difficulty concentrating and paying attention
48
Effects that both sleep deprivation and alcohol can have on a person
- Slurred speech
- Sleepiness
- Reduced ability to concentrate
- Impaired judgement and regulation of emotions
49
0.05% BAC is equivalent to ... when driving
17 hours without sleep
50
0.10% BAC is equivalent to ... when driving
24 hours without sleep
51
What is a case study?
- An investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem
- Contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world.
52
Types of case studies
- Historical, involving the analysis of causes and consequences, and discussion of knowledge learned from the situation
- A real situation or a role-play of an imagined situation, where plausible recommendations are to be made
- Problem-solving, where developing a new design, methodology or method is required.
53
Benefits of case studies
- Usually of individuals or small groups which then enables an in-depth close qualitative analysis of their lived experiences
- Can continue for years due to the small sample size
- Can be developed around unique situations to assist broader future research
54
Disadvantages of case studies
- Small sample sizes makes it hard to control confounding variables and makes it difficult to generalise
- Due to lived experiences being studied, testing for repeatability or reproducibility isn't an option
- Experiences of other may contradict the data due to it being so specific
- Usually there is no baseline for comparison causing incomplete data
