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VCE Psychology Units 3+4 > Unit 4 AoS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4 AoS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification

A

The arrangement of phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets

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2
Q

Identification

A

A process of recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular sets or possibly being part of a new or unique set

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3
Q

Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

A

Any change in our awareness of our thoughts, feelings and perceptions at any point in time, that is notably different to normal waking consciousness

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4
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • Electrodes are placed on the scalp
  • Electrical current underneath is detected
  • Electrical current is recorded in the form of brainwaves
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5
Q

Brainwave patterns vary in terms of:

A
  • Frequency (how often they occur in a set period of time)
  • Amplitude (how high the peaks and low the troughs)
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6
Q

Which type of sleep has higher frequency and lower amplitude (in terms of brainwaves)?

A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

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7
Q

Which type of sleep has lower frequency and higher amplitude (in terms of brainwaves)?

A

Non rapid eye movement (NREM)

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8
Q

Electromyography (EMG) and what the electrical activity indicates

A
  • Electrodes are placed on the muscles in the limbs
  • Electrical current is detected
  • Electrical current is recorded as an indicator of muscle tension
  • Low levels of electrical activity indicates low muscle tension resulting in less movement
  • High levels of electrical activity indicates high muscle tension resulting in more movement
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9
Q

Which type of sleep has medium to low levels of electrical activity, indicating little muscle tension, depending on how deep the sleep is (using EMG)?

A

Non rapid eye movement (NREM)

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10
Q

Which type of sleep has the lowest levels of electrical activity indicating even less muscle tension, that is linked to the ‘sleep paralysis’ (using EMG)?

A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

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11
Q

Electro-oculography (EOG)

A
  • Electrodes are placed on the muscles to the left and right of each eye
  • Electrical current is detected
  • Electrical current is recorded as an indicator of muscles tension
  • Low electrical activity indicates low muscle tension resulting is less movement from the eyes
  • High electrical activity indicates high muscle tension resulting in more movement from the eyes
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12
Q

Other ways to measure physiological responses associated with sleep

A
  • Video monitoring which records observable sleep disturbances such as sleep walking and environmental sleep disturbances such as noise
  • Sleep diaries which provide self-reports about habits and thoughts and feelings surrounding sleep
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13
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Patterns of changes that occur systematically over a period of time, and that are regulated by internal biological mechanisms.

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14
Q

Once every 24 hours

A

Circadian rhythm

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15
Q

More frequently than once a day

A

Ultradian rhythms

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16
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) AKA internal body clock location and role

A
  • Located in the hypothalamus above the optic nerve which carries sensory input from the eyes to the brain
  • Relies heavily on input from the eyes such as the presence of light to keep us in a 24 hour cycle
  • Initiates the release of melatonin to help us sleep and cortisol to wake us up
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17
Q

Melatonin

A
  • SCN notices a lack of light and initiates melatonin production from the pineal gland
  • Helps us to sleep meaning it is hard to sleep without it
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18
Q

Cortisol

A
  • SCN notices light and initiates cortisol production from the adrenal gland
  • Helps wake us up
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19
Q

Two main and distinct types of sleep

A
  • NREM sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep)
  • REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep)
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20
Q

Non rapid eye movement (NREM)

A
  • Goes from light to deep sleep
  • Occurs first in the sleep cycle
  • Benefits our body with the release of growth hormones and repairs body tissue
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21
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) AKA dream sleep

A
  • Light sleep
  • Helps our memory, concentration, problem-solving, creativity, decision making and learning (mainly brain health)
  • The first experience of REM lasts for 10 minutes and periods get longer and occur closer together as the cycle repeats
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22
Q

What does EEG, EMG, EOG and video monitoring record during REM?

A
  • EEG: brain waves have the highest frequency and lowest amplitude
  • EMG: lowest electrical activity
  • EOG: high level of electrical activity
  • Video monitoring: person is lying down with no large muscle movement but may be twitching
23
Q

NREM Stage 1

A
  • So light you might not even know you slept
  • Occurs only once during a sleep-wake cycle for 5 minutes
24
Q

What does EEG, EMG, EOG and video monitoring record during NREM stage 1?

A
  • EEG: brain waves have high to medium frequency and low amplitude
  • EMG: moderate to low levels of electrical activity
  • EOG: moderate to low levels of electrical activity
  • Video monitoring: persons eyes are closed, body is slumped and some movement may occur to get comfortable
25
Q

NREM Stage 2

A
  • Sleep deepens
  • First experience lasts for 20 minutes and makes up for 50% of our sleep
26
Q

What does EEG, EMG, EOG and video monitoring record during NREM stage 2?

A
  • EEG: brainwaves have moderate frequency and amplitude
  • EMG: moderate to low levels of electrical activity
  • EOG: low levels of electrical activity
  • Video monitoring: persons eyes are closed, they are laying down and there is limited movement
27
Q

NREM Stage 3

A
  • Deepest sleep and the person may be confused when they are woken
  • First experience goes for 30-60 minutes and periods gradually get shorter as the cycle repeats until they disappear entirely
28
Q

What does EEG, EMG, EOG and video monitoring record during NREM stage 3 sleep?

A
  • EEG: brainwaves have lowest frequency and highest amplitude
  • EMG: low levels of electrical activity
  • EOG: low levels of electrical activity
  • Video monitoring: persons eyes are closed, they are lying down and there is limited movement
29
Q

How the sleep cycle works

A
  • The first cycle goes through stage 1, 2, 3, 2 then REM and lasts for 90 minutes
  • Then next cycle goes back to stage 2, 3, 2 and REM
  • As the night goes on, periods of REM get longer and occur closer together whereas periods of NREM stage 3 get shorter and eventually disappear
  • We experience this sleep cycle 4-5 times a night
30
Q

Repeatability

A

Looking at how close the second set of data is to the first when the same thing is being measured under the same conditions

31
Q

Reproducibility

A

This is done by looking at how close the second set of data is to the first when the same thing is measured but the conditions have changed.

32
Q

Newborn/infant (ages 0-11 months)

A
  • Sleeps for 16 hours a day broken into several sleep-wake phases
  • Half of sleep is spent in REM and half in NREM
  • This demand for sleep is due to rapid brain development in this stage of life
33
Q

Toddler (ages 1-2)

A
  • Sleeps for 12 hours a day usually during the night but naps are still common
  • A third of sleep is spent in REM
  • This demand for sleep is due to significant growth and development in this stage of life
34
Q

Child (ages 3-12)

A
  • Sleeps for 10 hours a day usually in one go all at night
  • A quarter of sleep is spent in REM
  • This demand for sleep has decreased because they are fully developed but will still continue to grow and form synapses
35
Q

Teenager (ages 13-17)

A
  • Most teenagers get 8 hours of sleep but it is recommended to get 9
  • 20-25% of sleep is spent in REM
  • This demand for sleep is due to hormonal changes occurring which explains why it hasn’t changed much from the child category
36
Q

Adult (ages 18-64)

A
  • Requires 8 hours of sleep
  • 20-25% of sleep is spent in REM
37
Q

Elderly (65+)

A
  • Requires 8 hours of sleep
  • 20-25% of sleep is spent in REM
  • Their sleep may feel lighter due to most of their sleep occurring in stage 2 NREM
38
Q

What is sleep?

A

An explanation of a group of characteristics such as reduced awareness and muscle tone

39
Q

What is a naturally occurring ASC?

A

One that occurs without a deliberate choice being made such as sleep

40
Q

What is an induced ASC?

A

One that occurs deliberately such as the use of drugs or meditation

41
Q

What is sleep deprivation?

A
  • Going without sleep
  • Partial sleep deprivation is either poor quality sleep or not getting enough
  • Total sleep deprivation is going without sleep for at least 24 hours
42
Q

Impacts of partial sleep deprivation on affective functioning (feelings)

A
  • More likely to experience negative emotions
  • Inappropriate emotional reactions
43
Q

Impacts of partial sleep deprivation on behavioural functioning (actions)

A
  • Reduced spatial awareness, motor control and coordination
  • Slower movement, reaction time and performance time
  • clumsiness
  • slumping or slouching
44
Q

Impacts of partial sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning (thinking)

A
  • Difficulty concentrating, learning, decision making, thinking, reasoning, following conversation and processing new information
  • Brain fog
  • Memory failure
  • Impaired creativity
  • Increased sensitivity to sensory input
  • Less protein synthesis in the brain
45
Q

Impacts of total sleep deprivation on affective functioning (feelings)

A
  • Lower mood
  • Increased risk of experiencing anxiety and depression
  • Difficulty regulating mood
46
Q

Impacts of total sleep deprivation on behavioural functioning (actions)

A
  • A slowed heart rate
  • Shaking and tremors
  • Drooping eyelids
  • Slurred speech
  • Immune function impairment.
47
Q

Impacts of total sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning (thinking)

A
  • Increased sensitivity to pain
  • Impaired memory and judgement
  • Difficulty concentrating and paying attention
48
Q

Effects that both sleep deprivation and alcohol can have on a person

A
  • Slurred speech
  • Sleepiness
  • Reduced ability to concentrate
  • Impaired judgement and regulation of emotions
49
Q

0.05% BAC is equivalent to … when driving

A

17 hours without sleep

50
Q

0.10% BAC is equivalent to … when driving

A

24 hours without sleep

51
Q

What is a case study?

A
  • An investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem
  • Contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world.
52
Q

Types of case studies

A
  • Historical, involving the analysis of causes and consequences, and discussion of knowledge learned from the situation
  • A real situation or a role-play of an imagined situation, where plausible recommendations are to be made
  • Problem-solving, where developing a new design, methodology or method is required.
53
Q

Benefits of case studies

A
  • Usually of individuals or small groups which then enables an in-depth close qualitative analysis of their lived experiences
  • Can continue for years due to the small sample size
  • Can be developed around unique situations to assist broader future research
54
Q

Disadvantages of case studies

A
  • Small sample sizes makes it hard to control confounding variables and makes it difficult to generalise
  • Due to lived experiences being studied, testing for repeatability or reproducibility isn’t an option
  • Experiences of other may contradict the data due to it being so specific
  • Usually there is no baseline for comparison causing incomplete data

VCE Psychology Units 3+4 (2 decks)

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