Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PBL > Unit 4: Aortic Aneurysm > Flashcards

Unit 4: Aortic Aneurysm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different short term mechanisms to control blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic v parasympathetic nervous system
Baroreceptors
Osmoreceptors and RAAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the mechanisms behind the control of blood flow?

A

Blood flow is influenced by blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance
Some circuits are parallel: resistance = 1/r for each
Some are series: resistance = sum of resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the altering response?

A

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, that causes physical changes in the body
Preparing the body for a fight or flight response
B1 - increase HR
B2 - vasodilation of central blood vessels
A2 - vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does vasovagal syncope occur?

A

Over activation of the sympathetic nervous system by fear or excitement
Activates the parasympathetic as a biological safety mechanism, this hijacks the brain
Leads to rapid drop in blood pressure and HR
Leads to reduced blood flow to the brain and reduced intracranial pressure
Temporary ischemic conditions cause loss of postural tone
Baroreceptors are temporaly inhibited by the parsympathetic nervous system in this scenario

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is laplace law?
How does this link to aneurysm?

A

Law relating the radius of blood vessels to their properties
Smaller radius = higher blood pressure for the same volume of blood, and greater wall tension
The large red the radius of the vessel the larger a wall tension in required to withstand the internal pressure

Aneurysm = more common in larger blood vessels as lower wall tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do beta blockers work?

A

Bind to beta adrenergic receptors and act as antagonists
Can be selective: bind to beta1 only to decrease HR (as adrenaline unable to increase)
Non-selective: will also bind to beta2, their leads to bronchoconstriction (as adrenaline can not dilate)
Can problematically lead to bronchospasm - hence not given to COPD patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is shock?

A

Decrease in oxygen levels in the blood stream - ischemic damage to tissue particularly the brain
Septic - low BP due to infection
Hemorrhagic - large volume blood loss
Anaphylactic - allergic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an aortic anuerysm?
definition
Different types

A

Ballooning of aorta, bigger than or equal to 5cm (1.5x orignal volume)
True: layers on artery dilate
False: hole in layers, blood clot collects on outside of artery
Secular : one side only
Fusiform: symetrical ballooning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cause of an aortic aneursym?

A

Damage to artery wall - causes the wall to stretch, becomes thinner so is more likley to burst under high blood pressure conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Risk factors of an AA?

A

Genetic - marfan syndrome (increase fibrillin)
Family history
High blood pressure - damage blood vessels
Smoking - damage blood vessels
Gender - more common in males
Age - more common as you age
Arteriosclerosis - loss of collagen and elastic in bv, calcification of arterial wall
Distance from aorta - decline in elastic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

diagnosis of an AA?

A

Found on screening programme - one off abdominal ultrasound for 65yrs old men
Identified on rupture
Identified when in hospital for something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conservative management of an AA?

A

Methods to preserve cardiovascular health
- weight loss
- exercise and diet changes
- statins to reduce blood cholesterol
- beta blockers to reduce blood pressure
- regular ultrasound/x-ray to monitor the progress of an the aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Surgical management of an AA?

A

Endovascular stenting - Stent placed in artery by femoral artery route - holds artery open
Open abdomainl surgery - Removal of the damage artery segment and adding in an artificial graft.
Typically only done for large aneurysms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prognosis of an AA

A

Majority of patients who have a burst die (80%)
5,000 deaths a year
60% are abdominal 405 are thoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Consequences of an AA rupture

A

Rapid fall in blood pressure with large internal bleeding
Hemorrhagic shock
Unconsciousness / decline in the Glasgow coma score
Death
Coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are care plans?

A

Plan based on a discussion with the health practitioner and the patient
Determine how the illness will affect the patient and what support they would like/may need in the future.
Identiy the support the patient will be eligible for and what support they will need to pay for (particulary if the local authority is involved)

17
Q

What are emergency plans?

A

A care plan to be activated in an emergency, such as your health worsens or rapid state of decline.
Includes advance decisions on things such as resuscitation.
health people know what to do once you are better
Help identify if you’re state of care is getting worse
For carers states that 24-hour care is needed to a person when their carer is unable to provide support
Often provided by voluntary organizations

18
Q

What are disability plans?

A

Type of care plan, set out to detail your needs, how these needs will be met and who will be providing this care for you.
Can be given to others to help them understand more about your care, your needs, your likes and your dislikes.

19
Q

What are discharge plans?

A

Plan made when a patient is due to leave the hospital
Information on the treatment they recieved, info on what treatment thet should continue to recieve.
Contact information
Ensure patient is given appropriate drugs/advice before they leave
May arrange for a check up appointment

20
Q

What are carers hubs?

A

Support groups for carers, typically ran by the local authority
Offer a chance to speak to other people in similar situations
Social events
Financial advice
Emotional support
May be tailored e.g child carers or partner carers

21
Q

What is early mobilisation?
Why is it important to care?

A

Early remobilisation is when the patient is encouraged to move and began rehabilitation quickly after surgery/treatment.
often within 24 hours
Psychologically - this can make the patient feel more confident in their recovery, prevent a fear around restarting activity
Physically - reduce risk of muscle wasting, DVT and other conditions from being sedentary for too long

22
Q

What are the receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

M2 - decrease HR
M3 - vasodilation of bv

23
Q

What is a severe learning disability?

A

Impairment of cognition, emotion and thoughts to decrease the quality of life
Struggle to meet development milestones withint the correct timespans
Struggle to learn and adpat new skills.

24
Q

What are the signs immediatly before fainting in vaso-vagal syncope?

A

Blurry vision
Rapid change in temperature
Dizziness

25
Q

What are the symptoms of an unburst AA?

A

Asymptomatic in 75% of cases
Thrombus/embolism formation
Compression of nearby strucutres often IVC - post hepatic portal hypertension
Severe chronic pain
Pulsatile feeling in the chest

26
Q

What are the symptoms of a burst AA?

A

Rapid fall in BP
Tachycardia
Tachypenia
Unconsciousness
Death
Acute pain

27
Q

What imaging tools and exams may be used to diagnose an AA?

A

CT scan/MRI - if not concerned about time, often secondary findings
Ultrasound - rapid result
Physical exam - palpate the abdomen, feel for a swelling, difficult to identify as a deep strucutre

28
Q

What are the symptoms of shock?

A

Confusion
Low BP
High HR
High RR
Low oxygen saturation

29
Q

What is the difference between controlled and uncontrolled fluid replacement?

A

Controlled - source of blood loss is identified and stopped
Uncontrolled - source of blood loss is not identified and blood volume continues to be lost as replaced

30
Q

What are the three different solutions to use in fluid replacement?

A

Crystalloid - small soluble molecules, reduce blood wp as given IV, increase water gain by osmosis - used for acute and rapid replacement. Risk of odema if salts move across membranes to enter cells. Typically NaCL
Colloid - larger polar molecules - same moa, remains in blood stream for longer, used for prolonged replacement. More expensive.
Isotonic - no effect on movement from interstitial fluid example is Lactated Ringers solution
Blood transfusions or oxygen carrying blood replacements

31
Q

What are the typicall practial uses of colloid and crystalloid fluid replacement?

A

Burns and dehydration - colloid
Trauma - crystalloid

32
Q

What is a charity that offers emergency care cover to carers?

A

Cross roads care

PBL (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions