Unit 4 AI Flashcards
What is the origin of the word ‘motivation’?
Comes from the Latin ‘movere’, meaning ‘to move’
involves the processes that energize, direct and sustain behavior
Define motivation in the educational context.
Refers to a student’s interest in their own learning and constitutes a preliminary step to learning
It is considered the engine of learning.
What are the four perspectives on motivation?
- Behavioral Perspective
- Cognitive Perspective
- Humanistic Perspective
- Social Perspective
Each perspective offers a different understanding of what drives motivation.
What does the Behavioral Perspective emphasize in motivation?
Importance of reinforcement or punishment
It focuses on how external stimuli influence behavior.
What are Incentives in the behavioral aspect of motivation?
positive or negative stimuli or events
Numerical scores, letter grades or checkmarks for competently completing work
-> recognition through certificates, diplomas and so on
Behavioral Aspect of Motivation
What is the main goal of the behavioral perspective?
direct attention toward appropriate behavior and away from inappropriate behavior
What are the problems associated with positive punishments?
- Traumas
- Mistrust towards parents
- Useful for stopping bad behaviors but not for creating good ones
These issues highlight the limitations of relying solely on punishment.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A motivational theory comprising a model of human needs represented as hierarchical levels within a pyramid
Basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied.
List the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
- Physiological: Hunger, thirst, sleep
- Safety: Ensuring survival
- Love and belongingness: Security, affection
- Esteem: Feeling good about oneself
- Self-actualization: Realization of one’s potential
Each level must be satisfied in order for individuals to progress to higher levels.
What is self-actualization according to Maslow?
The motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being
It is the highest and most elusive of Maslow’s needs.
True or False: Cognitive motivation can sometimes have a stronger value than esteem needs.
True
This indicates that the importance of cognitive engagement can vary among individuals.
What does the Cognitive Perspective focus on regarding motivation?
Students’ intrinsic motivation, attributions, expectations for success, and beliefs in controlling their environment
It emphasizes internal processes over external influences.
Define extrinsic motivation.
Doing something to obtain something else, governed by reinforcement contingencies
It is often seen as a means to an end.
Define intrinsic motivation.
Doing something for its own sake, driven by personal enjoyment or interest
It represents an end in itself, encouraging deep engagement.
What is the need for affiliation in the Social Perspective?
The motive to securely connect with other people, establishing warm personal relationships
This reflects students’ motivation to spend time with peers and form attachments.
Fill in the blank: The more success a person achieves, the more _______ they will experience.
[motivation]
Success breeds further motivation, creating a positive feedback loop.
What is the impact of a positive sense of belonging on academic performance?
Higher academic performance
A positive sense of belonging can significantly enhance student outcomes.
What can influence a student’s motivation to learn?
- Choices in learning activities
- Absorption in challenges that match their skills
- Informational rewards that are not used for control
These factors contribute to a more engaging and motivating learning environment.
What motivates students to learn according to the text?
Students are more highly motivated to learn when they are given choices, become absorbed in challenges that match their skills, and receive rewards that have informational value but are not used for control.
Define intrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation refers to the motivation that comes from within the individual, where students believe they are doing something because of their own will, not due to external success or rewards.
What are optimal experiences associated with?
Optimal experiences are associated with feelings of deep enjoyment and happiness, often described as flow.
What is the term used to describe optimal experiences in life?
Flow.
What conditions lead to the experience of flow?
Flow occurs when individuals engage in challenges that they find neither too difficult nor too easy.
True or False: Situational interest is generated by stable personal interests.
False.
What is individual interest?
Individual interest is thought to be relatively stable and represents a consistent passion for a subject over time.
What is situational interest?
Situational interest is generated by specific aspects of a task or activity.
What should teachers create to encourage cognitive engagement?
Teachers should create learning environments that encourage students to become cognitively engaged and take personal responsibility for their learning.
What is the overwhelming conclusion of motivation research?
Teachers should encourage children to become intrinsically motivated.
What are the three dimensions of causal attributions in Attribution Theory?
- Locus
- Stability
- Controllability
What does ‘locus’ refer to in Attribution Theory?
Locus refers to whether the cause is internal or external to the actor.
Fill in the blank: The extent to which the cause remains the same or changes is referred to as _______.
[stability]
What is controllability in Attribution Theory?
Controllability is the extent to which the individual can control the cause.
What are common explanations of failure listed by Weiner?
- Ability
- Mood
- Effort
- Task difficulty
- Luck
What strategies can help students change their attributions?
- Providing a planned schedule of goals
- Modelling learning strategies
- Increasing practice and providing feedback
What does mastery orientation focus on?
Mastery orientation focuses on developing one’s skills, improving competence, and mastering new knowledge or abilities.
What is the effect of mastery orientation on students?
Students concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than solely on external rewards or comparing themselves to others.
What is mastery orientation?
Focus on developing skills, improving competence, and mastering new knowledge or abilities rather than seeking external rewards or comparing oneself to others
Mastery orientation emphasizes the learning process and strategies.
What do individuals with a mastery orientation concentrate on?
Learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome
This includes a focus on understanding and applying psychological concepts.
What is a key question to ask regarding mastery orientation?
Are you focused on comprehending and applying relevant psychological concepts rather than merely seeking superficial answers?
This reflects the importance of depth in learning.
What behaviors indicate a mastery orientation?
Asking questions to clarify concepts or seeking additional resources to deepen understanding
These behaviors demonstrate a genuine interest in improving competence.
What do individuals with mastery orientation prioritize?
The process of analysis and learning over merely aiming for the correct answer or outperforming peers
This reflects a growth mindset in their approach.
What do beliefs and attitudes about abilities and intelligence influence?
An individual’s mindset regarding learning and achievement
This concept is integral to understanding mastery orientation.
Who is associated with the concept of mindset?
Carol Dweck
Dweck’s work focuses on how mindset affects learning and achievement.
