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Crimonology > Unit 4 - AC2.1 > Flashcards

Unit 4 - AC2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three forms of social control covered in AC2.1?

A

Internal forms
External forms
Control theory

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2
Q

What is social control in criminology?

A

It refers to the mechanisms, strategies, and processes used by society to control/influence individual and group behaviour

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3
Q

What does social control involve?

A

Pressures that persuade or compel members of society to conform to societal norms, rules, and laws.

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4
Q

social control is a fundamental concept that explores what?

A

How societies maintain order, reduce deviance, and promote cohesion

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5
Q

How do we create social control?

A

Through establishment and reinforcement of societal norms, values, rules, and expectations that guide individual and group behaviour

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6
Q

What are the 4 key aspects of creating effective social control?

A

Norms and values
Socialisation
Formal rules and laws
Rewards and punishments

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7
Q

How does norms and values create effective social control?

A

Societies create shared norms and values to establish what is acceptable. These norms and values are constantly reinforced, which helps individuals understand the expectations of their society

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8
Q

How does socialisation create effective social control?

A

Social control begins with socialisation, the process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviours of their society. Through this process, individuals accept/internalise societal expectations, making them more likely to control their own behaviour and conform to the norms

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9
Q

How does formal rules and laws create effective social control?

A

laws are simply rules that formalise social expectations and outline penalties for any violations. Governments and law enforcement agencies are central to creating and upholding formal social control

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10
Q

How does rewards and punishments create effective social control?

A

conformity is frequently encourages through rewards, recognition, and praise. Whereas, nonconformity is discouraged by punishments, sanctions and criticism. Repeated enforcement of norms and rules ensures that individuals are aware of the expectations and the consequences of violating them

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11
Q

What do we call the people who control use? and what are the two types?

A

Agents of social control - formal and informal

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12
Q

What are the 4 examples of agents of social control?

A

family
schools
law enforcement
peer/friends

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13
Q

What does ineffective social control lead to? What does this correlate to? and what are the consequences of ineffective social control?

A

Lead to more nonconformity and rule breaking. Ineffective social control will correlate to higher rates of criminal behaviour. This would have several negative consequences including greater levels societal harm, more victims of crime and a greater strain on our Criminal justice system

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14
Q

What does effective social control lead to? What does this correlate to? and what are the consequences of effective social control?

A

Promotes more conformity to societal rules and norms. Effective social control correlates to lower rates of criminal behaviour. This would have several positive consequences including maintain order, making society safer and reducing the number of victims

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15
Q

What question do control theorists ask to understand crime?

A

‘Why don’t people commit crime?’

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16
Q

What do control theorists believe the conformity to the rules of society is produced by?

A

Socialisation

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17
Q

What is the rationale for control theorists asking ‘why don’t people commit crime?’

A

If we fully understand why people are or become law-abiding, which is generally the norm, we can then be better understand why people become law-breakers.

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18
Q

What are the two control theories and who produced them?

A

Social bond theory - Travis Hirschi
Containment theory - Reckless

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19
Q

In what book did Travis Hirschi’s introduce the social bond theory? And what year?

A

Causes of Delinquency in 1969

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20
Q

What was Travis Hirschi’s social bond theory influenced by?

A

Functionalism and Emile Durkheim

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21
Q

What did Travis Hirschi argue that social bonds did in relation to social control?

A

That there are social bonds with other people that encourage them to exercise self control, increase conformity and ultimately prevent them from committing crime.

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22
Q

what are the four social bonds which pull people away from crime and persuade them to conform suggested by Travis Hirschi?

A

Beliefs
Attachments
Commitments
Involvements

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23
Q

How do beliefs pull people away from crime and persuade them to conform?

A

Strong moral beliefs and respect for authority will discourage crime and deviance. Whereas, people with weak morals are more likely to be tempted into criminal behaviour.

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24
Q

How do attachments pull people away from crime and persuade them to conform?

A

Strong attachments create a sense of responsibility and accountability, making individuals less likely yo engage in behaviours that might disappoint or harm their relationships. Weak relationships, or having no relationships, leaves people freer to engage in deviance

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25
How do commitments pull people away from crime and persuade them to conform?
The more someone has invested in conforming to societal expectations (strong commitments), the more they stand to lose by engaging in deviant behaviour. However, someone with little confidence in future success (weak commitments) drifts more towards deviance
26
How do involvements pull people away from crime and persuade them to conform?
Staying busy with prosocial activities (strong involvement) leaves little time or opportunity for deviant behaviour. Whereas, people with few activities (weak involvements) have tome and energy for deviant activity
27
What do strong social bonds do?
Prevent criminal behaviour
28
What do weal social bonds do?
Lead to criminal behaviour
29
When did Reckless develop the containment theory?
1950s
30
What does the containment theory focus on?
The forces that drive individuals toward deviance and those that contain them, maintaining conformity
31
What are the two types of containment suggested by Reckless?
Outer containment inner containment
32
What is outer containment also known as? and what does it support?
External control - external social structures and influences that promote conformity, such as supportive families, stable communities, and effective law enforcement.
33
What is inner containment also known as? and what does it support?
Personal characteristics that promote conformity, such as self-control, a strong moral compass, and a positive self-image.
34
How is inner containment developed?
Through socialisation and helps individuals resist external pressures towards deviance
35
What was Reckless' main focus of the containment theory?
The inner containment - he argued that it was more influential and could control our behaviour even when out external environment was changing
36
What are the 4 key features of our inner containment?
Self-concept Goal orientation Frustration tolerance Norm retention
37
What is self concept?
Refers to an individuals perception of themselves, including their sense of identity, self-worth, and integrity.
38
What does a positive self-concept do for our inner containment?
Helps individuals resist external pressures towards deviance. When people value themselves and their integrity, they are less likely to engage in behaviour that would undermine their self-image
39
What is goal orientation?
Refers to an individuals ability to set and pursue realistic and socially acceptable goals.
40
What do clear and attainable goals provide for our inner containment?
Gives individuals an a focus and a sense of purpose, which serve a inner containment by reducing and allure of deviant shortcuts to success
41
What is frustration tolerance?
The ability to cope with stress, setbacks, and challenges without resorting to deviant behaviour
42
What does high frustration tolerance do for our inner containment?
Enables individuals to withstand pressures and avoid reacting impulsively to stressors. Low frustration tolerance may increase susceptibility to deviance when faced with difficulties
43
What is norm retention?
Refers to the internalisation and adherence to societal norms and values, even in the face of pressures or opportunities to deviate
44
What does norm retention do in relation to our inner containment?
Retaining and respecting societal norms reinforces inner containment, as individuals are guided by an internal moral compass that deters them from deviance
45
What is an example of self-concept?
A student who sees themselves as hard working and honest is less likely to cheat on a test, even if peers encourage them to do so
46
What is an example of goal orientation?
A young adult working toward a university degree is less likely to engage in illegal activities, such as theft, to achieve financial stability, as they are focused on achieving their goal through legitimate means
47
What is an example of frustration tolerance?
A person who loses a job but maintains patience and resilience is less likely to turn to criminal activities like theft or fraud to cope with financial strain
48
What is an example of norm retention?
A teenager who has internalised the value of respect for property will refrain from vandalising a public building, even if their friends are pressuring them to join in
49
What might weak norm retention lead to? explain what this is:
norm erosion - by reducing an individuals adherence to shared societal values and moral codes. Without strong internalised norms, individuals are more suspectable towards deviant behaviour
50
What does the likelihood of criminal/deviant behaviour depend on according to the containment theory?
The balance between containment both inner and outer
51
What does strong containment do?
prevent criminal behaviour
52
What does weak containment do?
Lead to criminal behaviour
53
According to control theorists, what produces conformity to societal rules?
socialisation and maintained by ties to people and institutions
54
Which social bond refers to the acceptance of societal norms and laws as legitimate?
beliefs
55
What type of bond involves emotional ties and relationships to others?
attachments
56
Which social bond relates to investments in conventional activities and goals?
commitments
57
What does the 'involvement' bond in Hirschi's theory refer to?
the participation in activities that occupy time and energy - staying busy leaves little time for deviant behaviour
58
What is internal social control?
Refers to the process by which individuals control their own behaviour in accordance with interalised societal norms, values, and moral codes.
59
What are the 2 key aspects of the internal social control?
Conscience and moral compass
60
What is our conscience/moral compass? What happens if we go against them?
Our inner voice that guides decision-making and our sense of right and wrong. When we go against our beliefs or societys norms our conscience usually expresses feelings of guilt and shame, thereby discouraging the deviance
61
How is internal social control created?
Through the process of socialisation, where people learn what is expected of them and internalise the collective norm and values
62
What are the two types of socialisation?
Primary socialisation Secondary socialisation
63
What is primary socialisation?
The first stage which happens between the ages of 0-5 years. It is delivered by the family who instill foundational values, such as honesty, kindness, and discipline
64
What is secondary socialisation?
Happens throughout your life and is ongoing. It's delivered by a lot of different agents of socialisation such as education, peers, religion, laws/government, and workplace. They all reinforce expected behaviours with rewards, and will often use punishments to discourage nonconformity
65
When does weak internal social control occur?
When individuals fail to internalise societal norms, values, and moral principles effectively. This may happen through inadequate primary and/or secondary socialisation
66
What are three forms of internal social control?
Rational ideology Internalisation of societal rule and morality Traditions
67
What is meant by rational ideology?
The concept where individuals within a society accept the dominant or ruling ideology and regulate their behaviour based on logical reasoning
68
When does rational ideology arise?
When individuals consciously understands and accept the reasoning behind societal rules and choose to follow them because they believe it is the right or most beneficial course of action
69
In the past, what were societies primarily controlled through?
Religious teachings and codes such as the ten commandments
70
Overtime what have rational ideologies been replaced with?
Legal frameworks and systems - formal laws have been created to provide a standard of acceptable behaviour which is more rational and persuasive than religious beliefs
71
What is the main example for rational ideology?
A person refrains from committing murder, not because they fear legal punishment, but because they understand and accept that life is sacred and the laws are there to prevent harm and loss of life
72
What is meant by traditions?
long-established customs, practices, beliefs, or rituals that are passed down from one generation to the next. They form a key part of societys cultures and often have significant social, moral, or spiritual meaning.
73
How do traditions form internal social control?
Traditions are created and then passed down through socialisation, both primary and secondary. They can be related to family life, religious practices, national celebrations, or cultural customs, and they often influence the way people behave, interact with one another and understand their place within society
74

Crimonology (11 decks)

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