UNIT 4 Flashcards
What are the four stages of cellular respiration?
- glycolysis
- pyruvate oxidation
- citric acid cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
to capture the energy released and harness it in the form of ATP
What are the inputs of glycolysis?
1 glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP+Pi, 2 NAD+
What are the outputs of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 4 (net 2) ATP, 2 ADP, 2 NADH
Purpose of glycolysis
- break down glucose
- ## extract energy from the reaction
What characteristic of (ATP) is responsible for its high energy level compared to AMP?
the closely spaced negative charges associated with the phosphate groups
What characteristic of (ATP) is responsible for its high energy level compared to AMP?
the closely spaced negative charges associated with the phosphate groups
A glucose molecule has a great deal of energy in its ________
C-H bonds
Which of the following is true of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?
A. They involve the transfer of one or more carbon atoms from one molecule to another.
B. They allow organisms to harness energy from large macromolecules and convert it to a useable form for the cell.
C. They allow organisms to harness energy from photons of light and convert it to a useable for the cell.
D. B and C are true of redox reactions.
E. A, B, and C are true of redox reactions.
D. B and C are true of redox reactions.
What is a chemoorganoheterotroph?
chemo= chemical energy source
organo= organic compound electron donor
heterotroph= organic compound carbon source
BASICALLY all carbon
What are the energy source classifications?
sunlight=photo
chemicals= chemo
What are the electron donor classifications?
organo= organic compound (carbon) litho= inorganic compound (not-carbon)
What are the carbon source classifications?
heterotrophs= organic compound autotrophs= inorganic compound
In the energy-yielding phase of glycolysis, energy is extracted in the form of:
NADH and ATP
Glycolysis involves an energy investment phase, cleavage phase, and an energy pay-off phase. For every glucose molecule that enters the glycolytic path, what is the number of ATP used; the number of ATP produced; and the net ATP yield at the end of glycolysis?
2; 4; 2
What is the difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration doesn’t depend on oxygen to accept electrons whereas fermentation does.
Why are fermentation reactions important for cells?
They regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue
What is the role of the TCA/Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle in cellular respiration?
To produce NADH for oxidative phosphorylation, and To extract electrons from carbon atoms.
By the end of the Citric Acid cycle, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been broken down to CO2. Most of the energy from the original glucose at that point is still in the form of
NADH
There are many potential “catabolic reactions” that could be used to make ATP by substrate level phosphorylation. Regardless of what other chemicals are in such reactions, the reactions would include
an organic high-energy molecule containing phosphate group.
What is required for ATP synthesis by substrate level phosphorylation?
an organic high-energy molecule containing phosphate, and ADP
What electron carrier(s) function in the TCA cycle?
NAD+ and FAD
Inputs of pyruvate oxidation
2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA
Outputs of pyruvate oxidation?
2 CO2,2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA
inputs of the citric acid cycle
2 acetyl CoA, 2 ADP, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD
outputs of the citric acid cycle
4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
inputs of the electron transport chain?
10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 32 ADP, 6 O2,
Outputs of electron transport chain?
10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 32 ATP, 6H20
