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BIOL 112 > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 points of cell theory?

A
  • all organisms are made of cells
  • the cell is the fundamental unit of life
  • cells come from preexisting cells
  • there is no life without cells
  • the cell is the smallest unit of life
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2
Q

What are the three domains on the tree of life?

A

eukaria, bacteria, archaea

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3
Q

Why can the results from studies of cellular processes in the bacterium E. coli be applied to cellular processes that occur in humans?

A

It shares a common ancestor with eukaryotes so many processes are conserved.

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4
Q

Which cellular structures or compartments are found in all cells?

A

ribosomes, cytosol, plasma membrane

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5
Q

What differentiates eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

A
  • prokaryotes do not have membrane bound compartments
  • eukaryotes have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, many membrane bound compartments such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
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6
Q

A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) consists of a shell of proteins surrounding a single strand of RNA, all surrounded by a lipid bilayer.

List the macromolecules found in the virus.

A

RNA, proteins, lipids

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7
Q

Describe at least two reasons that a virus does not meet the criteria to be considered a cell.

A
  • it cannot replicate on its own without a host cell

- no metabolism

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8
Q

How does a cell use carbon?

A

amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid building blocks

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9
Q

How does a cell use nitrogen?

A

forming side chains of amino acids, forming nitrogenous bases,

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10
Q

How does a cell use oxygen?

A

building blocks for all macromolecules

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11
Q

How does a cell use phosphorous?

A

phosphate group attached to lipids, nucleotide building block

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12
Q

Which phase(s) is the overall pop. not actively dividing?

A

Lag phase

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13
Q

Which phase(s) is the overall pop. number not increasing?

A

lag phase, stationary phase, death phase

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14
Q

Which phase(s) is the overall pop. dividing exponentially?

A

exponential phase

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15
Q

Which phase(s) is the death rate higher than the growth rate?

A

death phase

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16
Q

Which phase(s) are the essential nutrients becoming limited?

A

stationary phase, and death phase

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17
Q

Which phase(s) is DNA being replicated prior to cell division?

A

lag, exponential, stationary, death

18
Q

In which phase(s) is transcription and translation occurring within the cell?

A

lag, exponential, stationary, death

19
Q

which phase is binary fission occurring in cells?

A

exponential, stationary, death

20
Q

What would happen if lactose was removed from the media mid-way through A?

A

the cells would not enter the exponential phase and would stay in lag phase

21
Q

What would happen if lactose was removed from the media mid-way through B?

A

the cells would enter stationary phase sooner and the maximum number of cells would be lower

22
Q

What would happen if lactose was removed from the media mid-way through C?

A

the cells may enter the death phase sooner, and the death rate of cells would remain the same

23
Q

What would happen if lactose was removed from the media mid-way through D?

A

nothing

24
Q

An example of a noncovalent bond or interaction that is common within and between macromolecules is a

A

hydrogen bond

25
Q

Two large proteins are interacting and held together by non-covalent bonds (interactions) on their surfaces. Why can these non-covalent bonds hold the proteins together?

A

There are many bonds

26
Q

In macromolecular synthesis/polymerization, what type of bond would join two amino acid subunits?

A

peptide bond

27
Q

In macromolecular synthesis/polymerization, what type of bond would join two monosaccharide subunits?

A

glycosidic

28
Q

In macromolecular synthesis/polymerization, what type of bond would join two nucleotide subunits?

A

phosphodiester bond

29
Q

In lipid synthesis/polymerization, what type of bond would join two fatty acid tails to a glycerol backbone?

A

ester bond

30
Q

A hydrogen bond is a special case of which non-covalent interaction?

A

PD-PD

31
Q

When two atoms are involved in a polar covalent bond, what is the charge on each atom?

A

One has a permanent partial positive (delta+) and the other a permanent partial negative (delta-).

32
Q

When two atoms are involved in a nonpolar covalent bond, what is the charge on each atom?

A

Both atoms fluctuate between partial positive and partial negative charges.

33
Q

When an atom is part of a polar covalent bond, what types of noncovalent interactions are possible for this atom to be part of, with another atom?

A

ion-PD, PD-PD, PD-ID

34
Q

When an atom is part of a nonpolar covalent bond, what is the strongest noncovalent interaction that it is possible for this atom to be part of, with another atom?

A

PD-ID

35
Q

When an atom or functional group is ionized (e.g. an NH3+ group or a COO- group) what is the strongest type of noncovalent interaction(s) is possible for it to be part of, with another atom/group?

A

ionic

36
Q

A membrane protein made up of a single polypeptide forms an alpha helix as it crosses the lipid bilayer. What can you say about this protein?

  • The R-groups found within the transmembrane domain are non-polar.
  • The R-group interactions are the primary factor stabilizing its secondary structure.
  • Hydrogen bonds among backbone carbonyl and amide groups can be found in the transmembrane domain.
  • The quaternary structure is determined by its interactions with fatty acid tails.
A
  • Hydrogen bonds among backbone carbonyl and amide groups can be found in the transmembrane domain.
  • the R-groups found within the transmembrane domain are non-polar
37
Q

A RNA-binding protein binds to the nucleic acid backbone using the amino acyl residue histidine. What do you predict would happen to RNA binding activity if histidine was replaced with isoleucine?

A

Decreased binding of the protein to RNA

38
Q

What is the correct order that a monomer of RNA are connected?

A

phosphate-sugar-base

39
Q

Which region is required for a membrane carrier to move a solute against its concentration gradient, but is not required for a channel?

A

Active site for ATP binding

40
Q

What is true for BOTH the lag and stationary phase?

  • Cells synthesize macromolecules for those conditions.
  • Most cells are dividing.
  • Cells are active in binary fission with a similar number undergoing cell death.
  • The cells are encountering new growth conditions.
A
  • Cells synthesize macromolecules for those conditions

- cells are encountering new growth conditions

41
Q

Which of the following statements are TRUE for the formation of lipid micelles in water? [Choose all that apply]

  • The phospholipids that form micelles can have one, two, or three fatty acid tails.
  • The entropy of the phospholipids increases during micelle formation.
  • The entropy of the water molecules increases when non polar lipid tails group together.
  • Lipids form micelles because the phospholipids cannot interact with water.
  • The assembly is spontaneous with negative delta G.
A

True:

  • the entropy of the water molecules increases when non-polar lipid tails group together
  • the assembly is spontaneous with negative delta G

BIOL 112 (5 decks)

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