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BEHP5011 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions

A

The Law of Effect (E.L. Thorndike)

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2
Q

Developed scientific method for study of behavior (EAB)

A

B.F. Skinner

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3
Q

Inventions of B.F. Skinner

A 
Operant Chamber/ Skinner box
Cumulative Recorder
Teaching Machine
Programmed Instruction
Air Crib
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4
Q

Bx that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences; controlled by a combination of antecedents and consequences

A

Operant Behavior

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5
Q

Effects on the environment

A

Consequences

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6
Q

Consequences have an effect on….

A

the future probability of the bx under similar conditions

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7
Q

Effects of consequences on bx

A

Celerative effects:

  1. accelerating/ strengthening effects
  2. decelerating/ weakening effects
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8
Q

Types of Operant Contingencies

A

R-S Contingency

S-R-S Contingency

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9
Q

Two General Types of Consequences

A

Reinforcement

Punishment

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10
Q

Two Types of Reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

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11
Q

Two Types of Punishment

A

Positive punishment

Negative punishment

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12
Q

Two Other Types of Consequences

only make sense if there is a history of a specific consequence

A

Extinction (from reinforcement)

Recovery (from punishment)

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13
Q

An environmental change that follows a response that follows a response and increase or maintains the FUTURE frequency of that behavior

A

Reinforcement

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14
Q

Critical Attributes of Reinforcement

A
  1. Environmental change must occur after the response
  2. Change must occur immediately after the response
  3. Change must be contingent on the response
  4. Defined by its effects on the bx (increase or maintain)
  5. Automaticity of reinforcement
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15
Q

Automaticity of reinforcement

A

Reinforcement works without any need for verbal mediation

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16
Q

Reinforcement as a Process

A

Increase in responding resulting from the contingent presentation or termination of a stimulus as consequence for a response

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17
Q

Reinforcement as an Operation

A

Arrangement of consequence contingent on a response which results in the strengthening of the response

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18
Q

Reinforce as a Process

A

Strengthening responding through contingent delivery of a consequence

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19
Q

Reinforce as a Operation

A

To present or withdraw a stimulus contingent on a response

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20
Q

Premack Principle

A

If the opportunity to engage in a “preferred” or “high probability” bx is made contingent on engaging in a “less-preferred” behavior, the future duration or frequency of the bx will increase

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21
Q

Reinforcer

A

Stimulus that when presented following a response increases or maintains the future frequency of that response

22
Q

Variable Attributes of Reinforcement

A

Unconditioned to Conditioned
Positive or negative
Automatic or socially mediated
There are a variety of schedules of reinforcement
Occurs in nature but may also be programmed

23
Q

Unconditioned Reinforcer

A

Stimulus that is reinforcing without prior learning and is due to phylogenic provenance; AKA primary reinforcers

24
Q

Conditioned Reinforcer

A

Stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers; ontogenic provenance

25
Q

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

A

Conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors; less susceptible to deprivation and satiation effects

26
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Environmental change in which a stimulus is added or magnified following a response that increases or maintains future frequency of that response

27
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted/ attenuated following a response, and which increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior.
NOTE: there must be an irritant or aversive antecedent condition whose removal would be reinforcing.

28
Q

Escape Behavior

A

Bx that terminates an aversive stimulus; thus it is maintained by negative reinforcement

29
Q

Avoidance

A

Response usually terminates a “warning” stimulus; a warning stimulus is a conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus

30
Q

Unsignaled Avoidance

A

There is no clear warring stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event; the aversive stimulus often occurs at regular intervals

31
Q

Automatic Reinforcement

A

The response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequences and is not mediated by another person

32
Q

Socially Mediated Reinforcement

A

Consequence is mediated by another person; may occur inadvertently or may be planned

33
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement

A

Specifies criteria for reinforcement in terms of number of responses required and/or when the response occurs

34
Q

Planned/ Programmed Reinforcement

A

A person explicitly arranged the contingency

35
Q

Unplanned Reinforcement

A

Contingency was not explicitly arranged

36
Q

Variables Affecting Reinforcer Effectiveness

A 
Deprivation and Satiation
Species-specific biological preparedness
Response effort (response energy)
Competing reinforcers
Environmental context
37
Q

Response Effort

A

The amount of effort involved for each of two or more responses is often a determining factor regarding reinforcer effectiveness for each response

38
Q

Competing Reinforcers

A

Different reinforcers that are available at the same time for the same bx and/or for competing bx

39
Q

Operant Extinction

A

Process by which a previously reinforced bx is weakened by withholding reinforcement

40
Q

Critical Attributes of Extinction

A
  1. Bx have been previously reinforced
  2. Reinforcement withheld each and every time the bx occurs
  3. The bx has to be weakened
41
Q

Variable Attributes of Extinction

A
  1. Organism may exhibit extinction burst following extinction
  2. Organism may exhibit variation in topography and emotional responses following extinction
  3. Extinction may involve withholding a stimulus or not withdrawing the aversive stimulus
42
Q

Extinction Burst

A

When a previously reinforced bx is no longer reinforced, there is immediate and temporary increase in frequency, duration, and intensity before it decreases

43
Q

Operant Spontaneous Recovery

A

Sudden and temporary reappearance of bx following extinction; after an operant bx no longer occurs as a result of extinction, the bx may reoccur at a later time in the same circumstances in which it was previously reinforced

44
Q

Resurgence AKA Regression

A

Reappearance of a previously extinguished bx during the extinction of a more recently reinforced bx

45
Q

Punishment

A

Environmental change which follows a response and which decreases the future frequency of that bx; defined by its effect on the specific bx it follows

46
Q

Unconditioned Punisher

A

Stimulus that is usually punishing without any prior learning; effect due to phylogenic provenance

47
Q

Conditioned Punisher

A

Stimulus that has initially no innate punishing properties but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers; effect due to ontogenic provenance

48
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Environmental change in which a stimulus is added or magnified following a response that decreases the future frequency of that response

49
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted or attenuated following a response which decreases the future frequency of that bx

50
Q

Time Out from Positive Reinforcement

A

Procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; a response starts a timer and while the time is running, the organism cannot access reinforcers

51
Q

Recovery from Punishment

A

Process by which a previously punished bx is strengthened by withholding punishment and the frequency of the bx increases in the future, usually to rates similar to baseline level

BEHP5011 (5 decks)

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