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BEHP5011 > Unit 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Unit 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world as evidenced by description, prediction, and control

A

Science

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2
Q

Goals of Science

A

Description
Prediction
Control
Development of technology

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3
Q

Fundamental assumption of Science

A

Determinism

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4
Q

Prime directive of Science

A

Empiricism

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5
Q

Basic strategy of Science

A

Experimentation

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6
Q

Necessary requirement for believability of Science

A

Replication

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7
Q

Conservative value of Science

A

Parsimony

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8
Q

Guiding conscience of Science

A

Philosophic doubt

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9
Q

Manipulates specific IV while controlling extraneous factors, uses direct observation and measurement of phenomena, and empirical phenomena as its subject matter

A

Natural Science

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10
Q

Controls variability with inferential statistics, uses indirect observation and measurement, and hypothetical constructs outside natural realm is the subject matter

A

Social Science

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11
Q

Philosophical Assumptions of Bx Analysis

A 
Determinism
Empiricism
Parsimony
Philosophical doubt
Pragmatism
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12
Q

The universe is a lawful and orderly place; phenomena occur as a result of other events; bx is a fx of genetics and the environment

A

Determinism

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13
Q

Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest

A

Empiricism

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14
Q

Two Elements of Empiricism

A

Experimentation

Replication

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15
Q

Systematic manipulation of an independent variable, observing and measuring one or more dependent variables while controlling extraneous variables

A

Experimentation

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16
Q

Repeating any part of an experiment, same experiment, while varying specific conditions

A

Replication

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17
Q

Requires that all simple, logical explanations be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

A

Parsimony

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18
Q

Continually questions the truthfulness of what is regarded as a fact; scientific knowledge must always be viewed as tentative

A

Philosophic Doubt

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19
Q

Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application

A

Pragmatism

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20
Q

The philosophy or world view underlying bx analysis

A

Behaviorism

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21
Q

Determinants of Bx

A

Inherited biological factors (genetic/ phylogenic)
Experiential history with environment
Organism’s current environment (ontogenic)

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22
Q

Selection

A

Process in which repeated cycles occur of

  • Variation
  • Interaction with environment
  • Differential replication as a fx of interaction
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23
Q

3 Types of Selection by Consequences

A

Natural Selection
Operant Selection
Cultural Selection

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24
Q

The environment selects which variations survive and are passed on; bx is partially determined by phylogenic factors

A

Natural Selection

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25
Q

Specific responses are selected by immediate consequences; selected responses are repeated

A

Operant Selection

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26
Q

Special kind of operant selection mediated by verbal bx; cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group

A

Cultural Selection

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27
Q

“Nearness of events in time
Amount of time between two stimuli in pairing
Amount of time between response and consequence”

A

Temporal Contiguity

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28
Q

Emphasizes the likelihood that one event is a result of another event

A

Contingency

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29
Q

Adjacency between events regardless of causality

A

Contiguity

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30
Q

Contingencies involving consequences

A

Contingencies of reinforcement

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31
Q

Steps in Bx Analysis

A
  1. Identify the organism who is the focus of analysis or intervention.
  2. Identify and define the target bx
  3. Identify or specific the environmental event
32
Q

Basic Operations of Bx Analysis

A
  1. Direct observation
  2. Repeated measures
  3. Graph data
  4. Manipulation of environmental events
  5. Systematic evaluation of effects on environmental manipulations
  6. Analysis and interpretation
33
Q

Data collected multiple times before intervention, after manipulation, and multiple times during any phase of the study

A

Repeated Measures

34
Q

Use single-case design to control for extraneous variables and each participant serves as its own control

A

Systematic evaluation

35
Q

Types of environmental manipulations

A 
Present antecedent stimulus
Withdraw antecedent stimulus
Pair two or more stimuli
Provide consequence (onset/ offset)
Signal consequence
Establish or abolish effectiveness of consequence
36
Q

Contingently present stimulus immediately after response

A

Consequential Operation (+)

37
Q

Contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response

A

Consequential Operation (-)

38
Q

Relatively permanent change in bx as a result of experience; consequences may lead to learning

A

Learning

39
Q

Father of Behaviorism

A

John B. Watson

40
Q

The philosophy or world view underlying bx analysis

A

Behaviorism

41
Q

Most influential type of behaviorism for guiding the science and practice of bx analysis; rejects mentalism; conceptualizes behavioral relations at the phylogenic, ontogenic, and cultural levels with selections as their underlying principle

A

Radical behaviorism

42
Q

Simple relation between antecedent stimulus and reflex response; S-R relationship

A

Reflex

43
Q

Strongly, consistently, and reliably evoke; used exclusively with respondent functional relations

A

Elicit

44
Q

Simple relation between a specific stimulus and a specific innate, involuntary response

A

Unconditioned Reflex

45
Q

Critical Attributes of Unconditioned Reflexes

A
  • Stereotypic/ highly invariant in form
  • Innate/ of phylogenic provenance
  • Involuntary/ mediated by the autonomic nervous system
46
Q

Variable Attributes of Unconditioned Reflexes

A
  • Involve smooth muscles, glands, may involve skeletal and cardiac muscles
  • Appear during early infancy, but may appear later in life
  • Most reflexes are retained for a lifetime, but some disappear over time
47
Q

Stimulus which elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning due to an innate capacity to do so; used to refer to reflexes and respondent bx

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US/ UCS)

48
Q

Response which is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning, and is due to phylogenic provenance; used to refer to unlearned respondent bx

A

Unconditioned Response (UR)

49
Q

Temporary reduction in a reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus; presentation must occur within relatively short period of time

A

Habituation

50
Q

Reduction in the frequency or magnitude of a response or a set of responses as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or an environmental context

A

Adaptation

51
Q

Temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus produced by an aversive antecedent stimulus; opposite of habituation

A

Potentiation

52
Q

Tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus

A

Sensitization

53
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Respondent/ Classical Conditioning

54
Q

Simple relation between a specific conditioned stimulus and a conditioned involuntary response; learned through the contingent pairing of neutral stimuli with UCS or other conditioned stimuli

A

Conditioned Reflex

55
Q

Critical Attributes of Conditioned Reflexes

A
  1. Simple relation between stimulus and response
  2. Response is elicited by a stimulus
  3. There must be an unconditioned reflex out of which it develops
  4. Stereotypic and highly invariant in form
  5. CR response must be highly similar or identical to the unconditioned reflex response
  6. Learned through contingent pairing
56
Q

Stimulus which has no eliciting effect on bx prior to being paired contingently with an unconditioned stimulus; may have effects on other bx (e.g. orienting response)

A

Neutral Stimulus

57
Q

Stimulus which elicits conditioned response due to prior learning due to ontogenic provenance; acquire eliciting properties through contingent pairing with a US

A

Conditioned Stimulus

58
Q

Better term for Conditioned Stimulus

A

Conditioned Elicitor

59
Q

Respondent Conditioning Procedures

A 
Short Delay Conditioning Procedure
Long Delay Conditioning Procedure
Trace Conditioning Procedure
Simultaneous Conditioning Procedure
Backward Conditioning Procedure
60
Q

Onset of CS must come before the onset of the US; delay between the onset of CS and onset of US is very brief; CS and US must overlap; very effective

A

Short Delay Conditioning Procedure

61
Q

The delay between the onset of CS and onset of US can be up to 30 seconds; there must be an overlap; usually effective

A

Long Delay Conditioning Procedure

62
Q

The offset of CS must come before the onset of US; delay is no more than 5 seconds; sometimes effective

A

Trace Conditioning Procedure

63
Q

Onset of CS and US occur at the same time; the offset of CS and US occur at the same time; usually not effective

A

Simultaneous Conditioning Procedure

64
Q

The US is presented first followed by the CS; almost always ineffective; demonstrated to be effective with aversive conditioned stimuli

A

Backward Conditioning Procedure

65
Q

Important Points for Conditioning

A
  1. CS should come first
  2. Overlap between CS and US
  3. If no overlap, short delay between CS offset and US onset
66
Q

Neutral stimulus is paired with previously conditioned stimulus (CS) rather than with a US

A

Higher Order Conditioning

67
Q

Process through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing to pair the CS with US; presenting a CS without the US across time until the CS no longer elicits the conditioned response

A

Respondent Extinction

68
Q

Basic process involved in respondent extinction

A

Unpairing of stimuli

69
Q

Sudden reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned reflex and occurs as a function of the passage of time during which the CS in not presented or the organism is in a different environment

A

Respondent Spontaneous Recovery

70
Q

Spread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus; the greater the similarity between the CS and the other stimulus, the more likely generalization will occur

A

Respondent Stimulus Generalization

71
Q

Variables associated with strength of respondent conditioning and resistance to respondent extinction

A
  1. # of Paired Trials: The greater the number of pairing, the stronger the conditioned reflex; initial pairings are more important than later pairings.
  2. CS-US Contingency: Strongest SS contingency is when 2 stimuli always occur together until learning occurs.
  3. CS-US Contiguity: The length of time interval between CS and US
  4. Inter-trial intervals: The length of time intervals between successive trials
  5. Specific Features
72
Q

Provenance of Stimulus

A

Unconditioned (Phylogenic)

Conditioned (Ontogenic)

73
Q

Functional Effect of Stimulus

A

Elicitor: Elicit a response
Conditioner: Condition another response

74
Q

Dimension Altering

A

Stimulus-on-response effect

75
Q

Function Altering

A

Stimulus-on-stimulus effect

BEHP5011 (5 decks)

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