Unit 2 & 3 Flashcards
Scientific approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world as evidenced by description, prediction, and control
Science
Goals of Science
Description
Prediction
Control
Development of technology
Fundamental assumption of Science
Determinism
Prime directive of Science
Empiricism
Basic strategy of Science
Experimentation
Necessary requirement for believability of Science
Replication
Conservative value of Science
Parsimony
Guiding conscience of Science
Philosophic doubt
Manipulates specific IV while controlling extraneous factors, uses direct observation and measurement of phenomena, and empirical phenomena as its subject matter
Natural Science
Controls variability with inferential statistics, uses indirect observation and measurement, and hypothetical constructs outside natural realm is the subject matter
Social Science
Philosophical Assumptions of Bx Analysis
Determinism Empiricism Parsimony Philosophical doubt Pragmatism
The universe is a lawful and orderly place; phenomena occur as a result of other events; bx is a fx of genetics and the environment
Determinism
Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest
Empiricism
Two Elements of Empiricism
Experimentation
Replication
Systematic manipulation of an independent variable, observing and measuring one or more dependent variables while controlling extraneous variables
Experimentation
Repeating any part of an experiment, same experiment, while varying specific conditions
Replication
Requires that all simple, logical explanations be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered
Parsimony
Continually questions the truthfulness of what is regarded as a fact; scientific knowledge must always be viewed as tentative
Philosophic Doubt
Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application
Pragmatism
The philosophy or world view underlying bx analysis
Behaviorism
Determinants of Bx
Inherited biological factors (genetic/ phylogenic)
Experiential history with environment
Organism’s current environment (ontogenic)
Selection
Process in which repeated cycles occur of
- Variation
- Interaction with environment
- Differential replication as a fx of interaction
3 Types of Selection by Consequences
Natural Selection
Operant Selection
Cultural Selection
The environment selects which variations survive and are passed on; bx is partially determined by phylogenic factors
Natural Selection
Specific responses are selected by immediate consequences; selected responses are repeated
Operant Selection
Special kind of operant selection mediated by verbal bx; cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group
Cultural Selection
“Nearness of events in time
Amount of time between two stimuli in pairing
Amount of time between response and consequence”
Temporal Contiguity
Emphasizes the likelihood that one event is a result of another event
Contingency
Adjacency between events regardless of causality
Contiguity
Contingencies involving consequences
Contingencies of reinforcement
Steps in Bx Analysis
- Identify the organism who is the focus of analysis or intervention.
- Identify and define the target bx
- Identify or specific the environmental event
Basic Operations of Bx Analysis
- Direct observation
- Repeated measures
- Graph data
- Manipulation of environmental events
- Systematic evaluation of effects on environmental manipulations
- Analysis and interpretation
Data collected multiple times before intervention, after manipulation, and multiple times during any phase of the study
Repeated Measures
Use single-case design to control for extraneous variables and each participant serves as its own control
Systematic evaluation
Types of environmental manipulations
Present antecedent stimulus Withdraw antecedent stimulus Pair two or more stimuli Provide consequence (onset/ offset) Signal consequence Establish or abolish effectiveness of consequence
Contingently present stimulus immediately after response
Consequential Operation (+)
Contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response
Consequential Operation (-)
Relatively permanent change in bx as a result of experience; consequences may lead to learning
Learning
Father of Behaviorism
John B. Watson
The philosophy or world view underlying bx analysis
Behaviorism
Most influential type of behaviorism for guiding the science and practice of bx analysis; rejects mentalism; conceptualizes behavioral relations at the phylogenic, ontogenic, and cultural levels with selections as their underlying principle
Radical behaviorism
Simple relation between antecedent stimulus and reflex response; S-R relationship
Reflex
Strongly, consistently, and reliably evoke; used exclusively with respondent functional relations
Elicit
Simple relation between a specific stimulus and a specific innate, involuntary response
Unconditioned Reflex
Critical Attributes of Unconditioned Reflexes
- Stereotypic/ highly invariant in form
- Innate/ of phylogenic provenance
- Involuntary/ mediated by the autonomic nervous system
Variable Attributes of Unconditioned Reflexes
- Involve smooth muscles, glands, may involve skeletal and cardiac muscles
- Appear during early infancy, but may appear later in life
- Most reflexes are retained for a lifetime, but some disappear over time
Stimulus which elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning due to an innate capacity to do so; used to refer to reflexes and respondent bx
Unconditioned Stimulus (US/ UCS)
Response which is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning, and is due to phylogenic provenance; used to refer to unlearned respondent bx
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Temporary reduction in a reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus; presentation must occur within relatively short period of time
Habituation
Reduction in the frequency or magnitude of a response or a set of responses as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or an environmental context
Adaptation
Temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus produced by an aversive antecedent stimulus; opposite of habituation
Potentiation
Tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus
Sensitization
Ivan Pavlov
Respondent/ Classical Conditioning
Simple relation between a specific conditioned stimulus and a conditioned involuntary response; learned through the contingent pairing of neutral stimuli with UCS or other conditioned stimuli
Conditioned Reflex
Critical Attributes of Conditioned Reflexes
- Simple relation between stimulus and response
- Response is elicited by a stimulus
- There must be an unconditioned reflex out of which it develops
- Stereotypic and highly invariant in form
- CR response must be highly similar or identical to the unconditioned reflex response
- Learned through contingent pairing
Stimulus which has no eliciting effect on bx prior to being paired contingently with an unconditioned stimulus; may have effects on other bx (e.g. orienting response)
Neutral Stimulus
Stimulus which elicits conditioned response due to prior learning due to ontogenic provenance; acquire eliciting properties through contingent pairing with a US
Conditioned Stimulus
Better term for Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Elicitor
Respondent Conditioning Procedures
Short Delay Conditioning Procedure Long Delay Conditioning Procedure Trace Conditioning Procedure Simultaneous Conditioning Procedure Backward Conditioning Procedure
Onset of CS must come before the onset of the US; delay between the onset of CS and onset of US is very brief; CS and US must overlap; very effective
Short Delay Conditioning Procedure
The delay between the onset of CS and onset of US can be up to 30 seconds; there must be an overlap; usually effective
Long Delay Conditioning Procedure
The offset of CS must come before the onset of US; delay is no more than 5 seconds; sometimes effective
Trace Conditioning Procedure
Onset of CS and US occur at the same time; the offset of CS and US occur at the same time; usually not effective
Simultaneous Conditioning Procedure
The US is presented first followed by the CS; almost always ineffective; demonstrated to be effective with aversive conditioned stimuli
Backward Conditioning Procedure
Important Points for Conditioning
- CS should come first
- Overlap between CS and US
- If no overlap, short delay between CS offset and US onset
Neutral stimulus is paired with previously conditioned stimulus (CS) rather than with a US
Higher Order Conditioning
Process through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing to pair the CS with US; presenting a CS without the US across time until the CS no longer elicits the conditioned response
Respondent Extinction
Basic process involved in respondent extinction
Unpairing of stimuli
Sudden reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned reflex and occurs as a function of the passage of time during which the CS in not presented or the organism is in a different environment
Respondent Spontaneous Recovery
Spread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus; the greater the similarity between the CS and the other stimulus, the more likely generalization will occur
Respondent Stimulus Generalization
Variables associated with strength of respondent conditioning and resistance to respondent extinction
- # of Paired Trials: The greater the number of pairing, the stronger the conditioned reflex; initial pairings are more important than later pairings.
- CS-US Contingency: Strongest SS contingency is when 2 stimuli always occur together until learning occurs.
- CS-US Contiguity: The length of time interval between CS and US
- Inter-trial intervals: The length of time intervals between successive trials
- Specific Features
Provenance of Stimulus
Unconditioned (Phylogenic)
Conditioned (Ontogenic)
Functional Effect of Stimulus
Elicitor: Elicit a response
Conditioner: Condition another response
Dimension Altering
Stimulus-on-response effect
Function Altering
Stimulus-on-stimulus effect
