Unit 4

Question 1

What is anabolism?

Answer 1

energy used to build tissues

Question 2

what is catabolism?

Answer 2

energy produced/liberated from tissue stores

Question 3

Describe the regulation of blood glucose.

Answer 3

insulin & glucagon regulate [ ] of blood glucose

• insulin (a cells - released when blood glucose [ ] is high - stimulates blood glucose uptake & storage as glycogen)
• glucagon (b cells - released when blood glucose [ ] is high - stimulates the breakdown/catabolism of glucose stores)

Question 4

Describe glycogensis

Answer 4

glucose + ATP —-(hexokinase: muscle; glucokinase: liver)—-> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP glucose-1-phosphate ——–> UDPG —-> glycogen + UDP

Question 5

describe glycogenolysis

Answer 5

Glycogen (n) ———-(glycogen phosphorylase & debranching enzyme)—- + Pi ——–> glucose-1-phosphate glucose-6-phosphate ——(glucose-6-phosphatase) —– + H2O ——> Glucose + pi

purpose - breakdown glycogen to glucose
tissues/location - liver, muscle
hormonal regulation - glucagon
energy - none
- type of metabolism - catabolic

Question 6

what are the 2 ways to generate ATP in a cell

Answer 6

1. substrate level - formation of ATP coupled to conversion of substrate to product
2. oxidative phosphorylation - ATP is synthesized from ADP & inorganic phosphate (Pi) by ATP synthase

Question 7

what is a reducing equivalent

Answer 7

transvers the equivalent of 1 e- in redox reactions via protons (H+)

Question 8

Describe glycolysis

Answer 8

glucose + ATP ——-(hexokinase, glucokinase)——> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP fructose-6-phosphate + ATP ———-> ADP + fructose-1,6-bisphosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ ATP)———-> pyruvate (goes to lactate or acetyl coa

purpose - breakdown glucose to pyruvate
tissues/location - all tissue (cytosol)
type of metabolism - catabolic
energy - use 2 ATP, generate 4 ATP, net gain of 2 ATP
reducing equivalents: makes 2 NADH + H+
other products: pyruvate

Question 9

Describe anaerobic glucose metabolism

Answer 9

1. pyruvate —–(NADH + H+ –> NAD+)—–> SCFA ——> absorbed in colon
2. pyruvate —–(NADH + H+ –> NAD+)—–> lactate
3. pyruvate —–(pyruvate decarboxylase)——> CO2 +
   acetylaldehyde ——–(NADH + H+ –> NAD+)—–> ethanol

Question 10

Describe the cori cycle

Answer 10

occurs where O2 is unavailable leading to production of lactate
glycogen —-> glycose —-> 2 ATP + 2 pyruvate 2 lactate

Question 11

Describe the PDH reaction

Answer 11

pyruvate + coenzyme A ——-(PDH) (NAD+—>NADH + H+)—–> acetyl CoA

purpose: brerakdown pyruvate to acetyl CoA
tissues/location: all tissues that have mitochondria
type of metabolism: catabolic
energy: none
reducing equivalents: makes NADH + H+
other products: CO2