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H Biology 1 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do cells have a minimum limit?

A

Must have space for enough DNA, protein molecules, and organelles to survive & reproduce

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2
Q

Why do cells have a maximum size limit?

A
  • Must have enough SURFACE AREA to obtain adequate nutrients and O2 from the environment and dispose of wastes
  • Also limited by the distance that these materials will diffuse within the cell
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3
Q

Cells need a large enough ______:______ ratio.

A

surface area : volume

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4
Q

Most cells are ______.

A

Microscopic

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5
Q

Our knowledge of cells depends on the development of what?

A

The microscope

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6
Q

What is magnification?

A

The increase in the apparent size of the object

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7
Q

What is resolution?

A
  • The clarity of an image

- The ability to see 2 close objects as separate

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8
Q

How does the light microscope work?

A

By passing visible light through a specimen

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9
Q

When was the light microscope first used?

A

1665

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10
Q

Who discovered cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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11
Q

By mid-1800s discoveries from light microscopes led to the _______.

A

Cell theory

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12
Q

What is stated in the cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made of cells

- all cells come from other cells

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13
Q

To what degree can LMs magnify and resolve?

A

Magnify: about 1000x
Resolve: as small as 0.2 micrometers

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14
Q

When was the EM first used?

A

1950s

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15
Q

How does an EM work?

A

Uses beam of electrons to image specimens that have been sliced thin and coated with a thin film of metal

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16
Q

Which had better resolution: EM or LM?

A

EM was much better

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17
Q

EM helped to discover cell _______.

A

Ultrastructure

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18
Q

EMs cannot be used to study _________.

A

Living specimens

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19
Q

2 types of electron microscopes are: ____&____.

A

Scanning EM and Transmission EM

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20
Q

What does the scanning EM do?

A

Study detail of cell surfaces

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21
Q

What does the transmission EM do?

A

Study detail of internal cell structure

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22
Q

2 different types of light microscopy:

A

Differential interference-contrast
and
Fluorescent confocal

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23
Q

What does differential interference-contrast do?

A
  • Can see density differences

- Can use living specimen

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24
Q

What does fluorescent confocal do?

A

Specific molecules are tagged with fluorescent dyes

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25
Q

What are the 4 life processes in eukaryotic cells that depend on structures and organelles?

A
  • Manufacturing
  • Breakdown of molecules
  • Energy processing
  • Structural support, movement, communication
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26
Q

What organelles is manufacturing dependent on?

A

Nucleus, Ribosome, ER, Golgi apparatus

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27
Q

What organelles is breakdown of molecules dependent on?

A

Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Peroxisomes

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28
Q

What organelles is energy processing dependent on?

A

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts

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29
Q

What organelles are structural support, movement, and communication dependent on?

A

Cytoskeleton, Cell wall, Plasma membrane

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30
Q

Lysosomes and centrioles are NOT found in ____ cells.

A

Plant

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31
Q

A rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole are not found in _____ cells.

A

Animal

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32
Q

______ form a 2 layer sheet called the _______.

A

Phospholipids, phospholipid bilayer

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33
Q

_______ heads face outward, toward the H2O.

A

Hydrophilic

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34
Q

______ tails face inward, away from the H2O.

A

Hydrophobic

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35
Q

What are attached to the surface of/sometimes embedded in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Proteins

36
Q

The _____ controls the cell’s activities and is responsible for inheritance.

A

Nucleus

37
Q

_____ makes up chromosomes.

A

Chromatin

38
Q

Inside of the ______ is a complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin.

A

Nucleus

39
Q

What is copied in the nucleus prior to (in order for) cell division?

A

DNA

40
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus

41
Q

The nuclear envelope is attached to the _____, a network of cellular membranes.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

42
Q

What makes the cell’s proteins?

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

Ribosomes are made in the _____.

A

Nucleolus

which is inside the nucleus

44
Q

Cells that must _____ have a lot of ribosomes.

A

create lots of protein

45
Q

Ribosomes may be _____ or _____.

A

free or bound

46
Q

_____ ribosomes: suspended in the cytoplasm

A

free

47
Q

_____ ribosomes: attached to the ROUGH ER

A

bound

48
Q

The membranes within a eukaryotic cell are physically connected and compose the _____.

A

Endomembrane system

49
Q

Which organelles make up the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuole, Plasma membrane

50
Q

_____ ER lacks ribosomes.

A

Smooth

51
Q

_____ ER: synthesis of lipids; detoxification of drugs/poisons

A

Smooth

52
Q

_____ ER has ribosomes.

A

Rough

53
Q

_____ ER: synthesis of additional membrane for itself and proteins

A

Rough

54
Q

Transport vesicles take products from the _____ to the _____.

A

ER to the Golgi

55
Q

Products are modified as they move through the _____.

A

Golgi

56
Q

What is a membranous sac containing DIGESTIVE enzymes?

A

Lysosome

57
Q

_____ isolates potent enzymes from the rest of the cell.

A

Lysosome membrane

58
Q

Lysosomes _____ or _____ damaged parts of a cell.

A

Remove, Recycle

59
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Membranous sacs with a variety of functions:

  • Central vacuole in plants
  • Pigment vacuoles in plants provide color to flowers
  • Contractile vacuoles (in some protists) expel water from the cell
60
Q

2 functions of peroxisomes:

A
  • Breaks down lipids

- Detoxification of harmful substances

61
Q

Peroxisomes are similar to the _____.

A

Smooth ER

62
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in the _____.

A

Mitochondria

63
Q

_____ converts chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP

A

Cellular respiration

64
Q

Mitochondria have _____ internal compartments.

A

2

65
Q

Chloroplasts are the sites of _____ within plant cells

A

Photosynthesis

66
Q

Photosynthesis converts _____ energy to _____ energy of sugar molecules

A

Light, Chemical

67
Q

Chloroplasts have these 2 compartments within them:

A
  • Stacks of grana

- Cytoplasm-like stroma

68
Q

What is a network of protein fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm?

A

Cytoskeleton

69
Q

How does the cytoskeleton function like a support skeleton?

A

By providing

  • structural support
  • cell motility
70
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton fibers?

A
  • Microfilament
  • Intermediate filament
  • Microtubules
71
Q

Solid rods, composed mainly of globular actin proteins, arranged in a twisted double chain

A

Microfilament

72
Q

Made of various fibrous proteins composed in a ropelike structure

A

Intermediate filament

73
Q

Straight, hollow tubes composed of globular tubulin proteins

A

Microtubules

74
Q

2 functions of microfilaments

A
  • Support the cell’s shape

- Involved in motility

75
Q

2 functions of intermediate filaments

A
  • Reinforce cell shape

- Anchor organelles

76
Q

2 functions of microtubules

A
  • Shape the cell

- Act as tracks for motor protein (cilia & flagella)

77
Q

_____ and _____ both aid in cell locomotion

A

Cilia and Flagella

78
Q

Short, numerous, work together like coordinated oars of a rowing team

A

Cilia

79
Q

Longer, limited to one or a few per cell, propel the cell in a whip-like motion

A

Flagella

80
Q

What line the respiratory tract and act to sweep debris out?

A

Cilia

81
Q

What are part of sperm cells, allowing them to propel forward?

A

Flagella

82
Q

Cilia and flagella move when _____ bend.

A

Microtubules

83
Q

_____ and _____ are made of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane.

A

Cilia and Flagella

84
Q

What is the ratio of

microtubule doublets : central microtubules?

A

9 microtubule doublets : 2 central microtubules

85
Q

The 9 + 2 pattern of surrounding and central microtubules are anchored in a _____.

A

Basal body

H Biology 1 (3 decks)

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