Midterm - Unit 1 Topics Flashcards
What are the levels of the biological hierarchy?
The levels of the biological hierarchy are the upper tier, middle tier, and the lower tier.
What are the components of the upper tier of biological hierarchy?
- biosphere: all the environments on Earth that support life
- ecosystem: all the organisms living in a particular area, plus non living factors with which they interact
- community: all the organisms living in a particular ecosystem
- population: all the individuals of a species within a specific area
What are the components of the middle tier of biological hierarchy?
- organ systems: have specific functions; are composed of organs
- organs: provide specific functions for the organism
- tissues
At which hierarchy level does life emerge?
At the level of the cell, the lower tier
What are the components of the lower tier of the biological hierarchy?
- cells: living entities distinguished from their environment by a membrane
- organelles: membrane-bound structures with specific functions
- molecules: clusters of atoms
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
It comes in and cycles through, then comes out changed.
What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
To provide the food for a typical ecosystem, take water and nutrients from the soil and CO2 from the air, and convert these raw materials into sugar and O2
What are the roles of consumers in an ecosystem?
Eat plants and other animals
What types of organisms are included in Domain Bacteria?
Bacteria (multiple kingdoms); prokaryotes, most are unicellular and microscopic
What types of organisms are included in Domain Archaea?
Archaea (multiple kingdoms); prokaryotes (unicellular and microscopic); live in extreme environments, like hot springs and salty lakes
What types of organisms are included in Domain Eukarya?
Protists (multiple kingdoms), Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia; eukaryotes, contain a nucleus and organelles
Describe natural selection.
Certain organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms with other characteristics; it is the “HOW” of evolution; created by Charles Darwin
Features of a controlled experiment?
- Control
- Constant (variable that does not change)
- Independent Variable (the variable changed between trials)
- Dependent Variable (the variable we measure)
Features of a valid hypothesis?
Proposed explanation for a set of observations
- uses deductive reasoning
- doesn’t use first person
Hierarchy
Levels of organization
Life’s Hierarchy of Organization
Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community,
Population, Organism, Organ system, Organ, Tissue,
Cell, Organelle, Molecule
Biology
Scientific study of life
Energy flows through an ecosystem, entering as _____ and exiting as _____.
Light, heat
2 major processes of an ecosystem
- Recycling nutrients
2. Energy flow
____ fits _____ of cells.
Form, function
By studying a biological _____, you can determine what it _____ and how it _____.
Structure, does, works
The _____ level of biological hierarchy illustrates the idea of emergent properties
Cell
The properties of life emerge from the _____ of the _____ of the cell.
Ordered interactions, structures
Combinations of structures provide organization called _____.
System
Prokaryotic cells are…
- simple and small
- bacteria are prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cells
- organelles separated by membranes
- plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic
What do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?
- DNA
- Membrane
- Cytoplasm
T/F: all cells have DNA
True
____ is the genetic (hereditary) material of all cells
DNA
The diversity of life results from differences in ______ from individual to individual
DNA structure
Organization of living things
Order
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Regulation
- Development allows a newly fertilized egg (zygote) to form a complete organism
- Growth enables an increase in size in an organism from birth to adulthood
Growth and Development
Bringing in energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organism (ex. photosynthesis)
Energy processing
Responding to environmental stimuli
Response to the environment
The ability to continue the species
Reproduction
Gaining new traits that best suit the species to its environment
Evolutionary adaptation
Biologists have identified about _____ species.
1.8 MILLION
_____ more of species are identified each year.
THOUSANDS
A group whose members have similar characteristics. They can interbreed and reproduce successfully.
Species
The diversity of life was once divided into 5 ______.
Kingdoms
Scientists now agree on categorizing the diversity of life into 3 _____.
Domains
3 domains of life
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
A classification group ABOVE the kingdom level
Domain
In 1859, Charles Darwin published ________.
“Origin of Species”; it presented evidence to support the idea of evolution, it proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural selection
The species living today are descendants of ancestral species
Evolution
Darwin’s 2 observations caused inferring of natural selection
- Individual variation
- individuals within a population vary in heritable traits
- Overproduction of offspring
