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BHSC3329 MT 1 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do B cells mature in?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

Where do T cells mature in?

A

thymus

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3
Q

The _______ immune system can stimulate the ________ immune system by which 2 WBC?

A

innate, adaptive, neutrophil and macrophages

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4
Q

Which leukocytes are APCs (antigen presenting cells)?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, B cells. Using MHC-II, they display the antigens of phagocytized pathogens on their surface

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5
Q

How do B cells contact antigens?

A

Either contact antigen directly or on the surface of an APC

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6
Q

Function of helper T cells (TH)

A

do not play an active role in the immune response; activate B cells and T cells so that they can get in contact with APCs bearing antigens

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7
Q

Both T cells and B cells form what 2 kind of cells?

A

memory cells and effector cells

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8
Q

Plasma B cells:

A

effector B cells make antibodies

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9
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

A

effctor T cells attack the pathogen directly

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10
Q

What are the 4 functions of antibodies

A

agglutination, neutralization, opsonization, complement activation

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11
Q

Agglutination:

A

some Abs stick together, causing target to clump

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12
Q

Neutralization:

A

bind to the surface of a pathogen, toxin and prevent its function

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13
Q

Opsonization:

A

cell bound by antibodies are more often phagocytized

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14
Q

Where are MHC I? and MHC II?

A

All nucleated human cells; some types of WBC (APC: neutrophils, macrophages, B cells)

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15
Q

Two classes of antigens:

A

1) those expressed within normal cells and presented on the surface by MHC-I
2) Those derived from phagocytosis by APCs and presented on the surface by MHC II

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16
Q

Antigen:

A

specific molecule (usually protein) that may be used by the immune system to identify a specific pathogen. Substance that bind to lymphocyte (B/T cell) receptors (ex. antibodies)

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17
Q

Epitope:

A

the segment of an antigen that is specifically recognized by lymphocyte receptors

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18
Q

Immunogens:

A

agents that can provoke an immune response (i.e. immunogenic) and react with the products of such repsonse

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19
Q

Antigens that are NOT immunogens:

A

1) haptens, 2) too similiar to normal cellular proteins, 3) do not have static structure and/or repeating structure

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20
Q

Examples of haptens

A

sugars, amino acids, and drugs and/or drug metabolities (e.g. penecillin degrades, it can react with proteins)

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21
Q

Example of antigen that is too similar to normal protein

A

Streptococcus pyogenes: has cell surface proteins that resemble normal human proteins - “molecular mimickry”

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22
Q

Antigens that are NOT immunogens: structure examples

A

1) lipids and globular proteins have slimy, dynamic structures and are poorly immunogenic. 2) Starch, glycogen and other polysaccharides are repearting strcutures and are poorly immunogenic

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23
Q

Antigen: chemical composition (highly to least immunogenic)

A

(highly immunogenic) proteins > carbohydrates > pure lipids (least)

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24
Q

Antigen: molecular size

A

macromolecules with higher molecular weights are more immunogenic

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25
Q

Antigen: structural complexity

A

Aromatic molecules are more immunogenic than alipathic molecules. (Scented products causes more of an allergic rxn, than non-scented products or hypoallergenic)

26
Q

Antigen: genetic disparity

A

Things that are different/foreign in a a host is immunogenic

(e.g. horse Abs against botulism toxin - antitoxin for humans leading to serum sickness)

27
Q

Autograft

A

from self

28
Q

Isograft

A

from twin

29
Q

Allograft

A

from unrelated person

30
Q

Xeongraft

A

from animal

31
Q

Autoantigens

A

modification of normal proteins, stimulation of autoimmune response can cause normal proteins to become recognized as antigen

32
Q

Alloantigens

A

antigens derived from other people

  • (e.g. blood transfusion: blood group antigens A B Rh;
  • organ transplant: human leukocyte antigens (HLAs - tissue type))
33
Q

Minimizing genetic disparity risk (3)

A
  • Umbilical cord blood biobanking: cord blood is rich in hematopoietic stem cells.
  • Authologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT): for pts with leukemia, bone marrow harvested during remission and stored. during relapse then can receive their own bone marrow.
  • Autologous blood transfusion: elective surgery, receive own blood
34
Q

Cardiolipin

A

found in surface of bacteria such as syphilis and also surface of mitochondria. In lupus, antibodies are made that can go inside the cell, cardiolipin because an autoantigen

35
Q

Extrinsic immunogenic facotrs: adjuvants

A

agents added to vaccines to enhance the vaccines’ immunogenicity (e.g. alum and dead bacteria as well as oil-in-water emulsion) (squalene in H1N1)

36
Q

Epitopes aka

A

immunogenic or antigenic determinants. part of immunogen/antigen that interact with antigen-binding site of antibody/ T cell receptor (TCR). sequence of 4-6 amino acids = sufficient epitope. 3D shape is more important that the amino acids. agent must contain more than one epitope in order to be immungenic. identification of epitopes on an immunogen can have clinical significance (e.g. production of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies)

37
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

receptors on the surface of B/T cells

38
Q

VDJ

A

variable diverse joining

39
Q

Active immunity:

A

the body exposed to an immunogen that stimulates the immune response

40
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity:

A

exposure to pathogen

41
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity:

A

exposure to vaccine

42
Q

Passive immunity

A

individual receives protective immune products (ex. Abs) - no immunological memory! (aka passive immunization)

43
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Abs from mother through placenta or breastfeeding

44
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

premade Abs - serum of an immune donor, purified immunoglobulins

45
Q

How is antivenom made?

A

Venom is obtained from snake by milking, diluted and injected into a horse. Abs are purified from the horse serum.

46
Q

VDJ

A

variable diverse joining

47
Q

Active immunity:

A

the body exposed to an immunogen that stimulates the immune response

48
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity:

A

exposure to pathogen

49
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity:

A

exposure to vaccine

50
Q

Passive immunity

A

individual receives protective immune products (ex. Abs) - no immunological memory! (aka passive immunization)

51
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Abs from mother through placenta or breastfeeding

52
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

premade Abs - serum of an immune donor, purified immunoglobulins

53
Q

How is antivenom made?

A

Venom is obtained from snake by milking, diluted and injected into a horse. Abs are purified from the horse serum.

54
Q

Prophylaxis

A

administer an agent to prevent disease before exposure has occured

55
Q

4 Sources of antigens

A

1) killed whole cell or inactivated virus 2) live, attenuated cells or virus 3) proteins or other antigenic molecules purified from pathogen 4) genetically engineered antigen

56
Q

Killed/inactivated pathogen (antigen)

  • pros + cons
  • 2 examples
A
  • pathogen is killed by heat, radiation, or chemical treatment (ex. salk polio, influenza)
  • pro: almost always dead and safe.
  • con: does not multiply, higher dose & booster shots needed
57
Q

attenuated pathogen (antigen)

  • pros + cons
  • 3 examples
A
  • pathogen is grown in lab conditions until they lose virulence
  • (eg. BCG (Tuberculosis) - 13 years of cultivation;
  • OPV - oral polio vaccine;
  • toxoid attenuated exotoxin such as diptheria, tetanus)
  • pros: multiplies somewhat, confer long-lasting protection
  • cons: small risk of reversion (1 over 1-3 million)
58
Q

Purified molecules (antigen) pros + cons

A
  • fragments or purified components of pathogen used, rather than living organism
  • anthrax, hep B
  • pros: no living pathogen
  • cons: antigen may change shapre during purfication
59
Q

Recombinant protein (antigen) pros + cons

A
  • DNA encoding the protein of a pathogen is expressed in yeast
  • e.g. Hep B
  • pro: cheap, safe
  • con: clonal, pathogen can evolve resistance easily
60
Q

Check list of requirements for an effective vaccine

A
  1. it should hav ea low level of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause serious harm
  2. it should protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of pathogen
  3. it shoudl stimulate both antibody (B cell) response and cell mediated (T cell) repsonse
  4. it should have long term, lasting effects (produce memory)
  5. it should not require numerous dose or boosters
  6. it should be inexpensive, have a relatvely long shelf life, and be easy to administer
61
Q

Herd immunity

A
  • scale immunization campaign should be targeted to at-risk population (e.g. infants and children at high risk of common childhood disease/infections) - cost-effective and benefits outweighs the risk
  • large scale immunization is often used to prevent epidemic by establishing a high level of herd immunity in a population (e.g. typically when over 95% of the people in the popluation are immune to the infectious agent of agent)

BHSC3329 MT 1 (2 decks)

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