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Zoology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

This group of organisms are parasitic on Arthropods but develop into free living adults that do not feed.

A

Nematomorpha

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2
Q

Group of nematomorpha that is parasitic to terrestrial arthropods.

A

Gordiids

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3
Q

Group of nematomorpha that are parasites on marine crustaceans

A

Nectonematids

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4
Q

What three systems are lost in Phylum Nematomorpha

A

Excretory, circulatory and respiratory

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5
Q

Do members of phylum Nematomorpha express cephalization

A

No, they have no distinct head

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6
Q

How do members of Nematomorpha reproduce

A

They are dioecious meaning they reproduce sexually

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7
Q

Are members of Phylum Nematomorpha acoelomates, pseudocoelomates or eucoelomates

A

Pseudocoelomates- they do not have a true body cavity

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8
Q

Rotifers are _________ meaning that all adults possess the same number of cells.

A

Eutelic

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9
Q

Are Rotifers acoelomates, pseudocoelomates or eucoelomates

A

Pseudocoelomates

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10
Q

Some Rotifers produce a shielding plate structure called a ___________

A

Lorica

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11
Q

In the Phylum Rotifer _____________ is practiced; meaning in some instances an underutilized egg can develop into a new individual.

A

Parthenogenesis

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12
Q

Are Rotifers generally monoecious or dioecious

A

Dioecious but they are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually

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13
Q

What type of epidermis is located under the cuticle of a Rotifer

A

Syncytial (multinucleate) epidermis

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14
Q

Rotifers exhibit cryptobiosis, what does this mean?

A

It is an ametabolic state that they can enter into during harsh environmental conditions. During this state all metabolic process stop, preventing reproduction, development and repair. Once the environment reaches a stable state the organism will rehydrate and resume its metabolic processes.

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15
Q

This distinctive feature on a Rotifer is used for feeding and located near the mouth

A

Ciliated tufts

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16
Q

This distinctive feature of a Rotifer is like a pharynx structure

A

Mastax

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17
Q

This distinctive feature on a Rotifer is located in the neck , it is the first step in digestion and grinds the food up.

A

Trophi (jaw like)

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18
Q

This distinctive feature of a Rotifer is used for attachment

A

Toes

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19
Q

The digestive tract in a Rotifer is mouth to anus meaning what?

A

It is a complete digestive tract

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20
Q

Arthropods exhibit ___________ because they have functional clusters called ___________

A

Metamerism, tagmata

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21
Q

What type of circulatory system can be found in Arthropods

A

Open circulatory system

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22
Q

What are some features that Arthropods have

A

Ecdysis- molting Metamorphosis Paired jointed appendages Chitinous exoskeleton Tagmata

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23
Q

What are the the 4 subphyla of Arthropoda

A

Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Myriapoda subphylum Hexapoda

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24
Q

What types of antennae do hexapods have

A

Olfactory - smell Auditory - sound Tactile - touch

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25
Q

Multiple compound eyes found in Subphylum Hexapoda

A

Ommatidium

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26
Q

What is the first tagmata in a hexapod and what structures are found there

A

Head - salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, pair of antennea, mouth parts, ommatidium (eyes)

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27
Q

What is the second tagmata in a hexapod

A

Thorax that is devided into prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax

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28
Q

Where can the wings be found on a hexapod

A

One pair of wings can be found on the mesothorax and another pair of wings can be found on the metathorax.

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29
Q

Besides wings, what other structures are located in/on the thorax of a hexapod

A

Crop, gizzard, gastric caecae, trachea/tracheoles, spiracles, ventral nerve chord (through the entire length)

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30
Q

What is the function of the gastric caecae in a hexapod

A

They produce digestive enzymes

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31
Q

What is the function of spiracles in a hexapod

A

They are holes in the chitonous exoskeleton that function in gas exchange

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32
Q

What is the function of the trachea/tracheoles

A

They are used in passive gas exchange and a attached to the spiracles.

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33
Q

What is the third tagmata on a hexapod and how many segments does it have

A

Abdomen separated into 8 segments

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34
Q

What structures are located inside the abdomen of a hexapod

A

Malpighian tubules, central nerve chord, intestines, anus, testis/ ovaries

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35
Q

What is the function of malpighian tubules in a hexapod

A

Waste collection and excretion

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36
Q

Each ommatidium is separated by _________ and why is this an important feature

A

Reflective partition; to keep the light focused into one ommatidium instead of it crossing into another.

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37
Q

What is the transparent cuticle that separates the facet from the lens of an ommatidium

A

Cornea

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38
Q

The lens of an ommatidium is called the ______________

A

Crystallin cone

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39
Q

The top layer of the ommatidium is called the __________

A

Facet

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40
Q

Is class Insecta uniramous or biramous

A

Uniramous

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41
Q

How many legs, wings, and antennae are found on an insecta

A

1 pair of antennae 2 pairs of wings 3 pairs of legs

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42
Q

In class insecta, which muscles control the wings and which control the body shape

A

Direct muscles- control wings Indirect muscles- control body shape

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43
Q

What are the four mouth parts of a grasshopper

A
  1. Mandible 2. Maxilla with maxillary palps 3. Labrum 4. Labium
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44
Q

Describe the spiral pattern of a protostome

A

Spiral

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45
Q

Describe the cleave pattern of a deuterostome

A

radial

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46
Q

In protostomes the blastopore becomes the ________

A

mouth

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47
Q

In protostomes the blastopore becomes the ________

A

anus

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48
Q

Describe the formation of the body cavity in a protostome

A

Schizocoelous - a hole froms from a tear in the tissue

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49
Q

Describe the formation of the body cavity in a deuterstomes

A

Enterocoelous - forms from a bubble or pocket in the G.I. tract

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50
Q

What type of development can be seen in protostomes

A

Determinant development - cells fate is set early on

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51
Q

What type of development is seen in deuterostomes

A

Indeterminant - cell fate is not set until later on

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52
Q

What Phyla (groups) make up protostomes

A

Mollusca

“Worms”

Arthropoda

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53
Q

What Phyla make up Deuterstomes

A

Echinodermata

Chordata

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54
Q

Distinguish between Lophotrocozoa and Ecdysozoa

A

Lophotrocozoa - Common features of this group include trocophore larva and/or a having a feeding structure called a lophophore

Ecdysozoa - is the ability to shed the exoskeleton in a process called molting

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55
Q

What groups make up the Lophotrochozoa

A

Mollusca

Annelida

Platyhelminthes

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56
Q

What groups make up Ecdysozoa

A

Arthropoda

Nematoda

Nematomorpha

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57
Q

What type of larva is pictured

A

Trochophore larva

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58
Q

What type of larva is pictured

A

Trochophore larva

59
Q

Distinguish between these different types of coelomates and lable the pictures

A
60
Q

Distinguish between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

A

Parietal peritoneum is that portion that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Those cavities are also known as the peritoneal cavity.

Visceral peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs, including the intestinal tract.

61
Q

Explain the function of mesenteric tissue

A

The mesentery is the double fold of peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen

62
Q

Compare/Contrast between complete digestive system and incomplete digestive system

A

Complete digestive system - (two openings) digestive system with a mouth, gut, and an anus

Incomplete digestive system - one opening, digestive system with a mouth and a gastrovascular cavity (GVC)

63
Q

What type of digestive system is seen in Nematomorpha

A

A reduced digestive system

64
Q

What type of digestive system is seen in Rotifers

A

Complete digestive system

65
Q

What type of digestive system is seen in Echinoderms

A

Complete digestive system

66
Q

What type of digestive system is seen in Arthropods

A

Complete digestive system

67
Q

Compare/Contrast between monoecious and dioecious

A

Monoecious - organisms posess both male and female parts within the same body

Dioecious - There are two different body plans of an organism to distinguish between a male and a female.

68
Q

Are horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) monoecious or dioecious

A

Dioecious

69
Q

Are Rotifers monoecious or dioecious

A

mostly dioecious

70
Q

Are Arthropods monoecious or dioecious

A

mostly dioecious

71
Q

The movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus

A

Chemotaxis

72
Q

The motion or orientation of an organism in response to a touch stimulus.

A

Thigmotaxis

73
Q

Movement of an organism in response to light

A

Phototaxis

74
Q

What are some distinct features belonging to Phylum Rotifera

A
  • Ciliated tufts - Located near mouth for feeding
  • Mastax - Pharynx structure
  • Trophi - First step in digestion; grinds food
  • Toes - Used for attachment
75
Q

Identify and label the organism pictured

A

Rotifera

76
Q
A
77
Q

Lable this structure and what is its taxonomic utility

A

Mastax acts as a pharynx in Rotifers

78
Q

Label the structure and its function

A

Trophi are used to grind up food

79
Q

In Rotifers a female can produce an “egg” that is diploid which produces a new diploid female. This process of asexual reproduction with no genetic recombination is called _________

A

Apomixis

80
Q

Explain the sexual reproduction in Rotifers

A

A Female produces an egg (1N) and if it is not fertilized then it will produce a haploid (1N) male. If it is fertilized then it will produce a diploid (2N) female.

81
Q

In Rotifers all males are _______ and all females are ________

A

Males = Haploid (1N)

Females = Diploid (2N)

82
Q

In Rotifers when an egg is unfertilized it results in the formation of a haploid male, this process is known as ___________

A

Parthenogenesis

83
Q

How do Rotifers aquire their food

A

They beat their ciliated tufts which draws water in. The cilia filter out larger food particles and bring smaller food particles toward the mouth. Once taken in the mastax and trophi are used in grinding up the food particles

84
Q

What group are Nematophores most closely related to

A

Nematoda

85
Q

describe the body of a Nematomorpha

A

long and slender with longitudinal muscles only

86
Q

This group has a very reduced digestive system

A

Nematomorpha

87
Q

What type of environment can Nematomorpha normally be found

A

aquatic (freshwater)

88
Q

Do Nematomorpha have a cuticle

A

yes, cuticle is present

89
Q

Do Nematomorpha have cilia

A

No, cilia are not present in this group

90
Q

No larval stage; juveniles resemble adults

A

Direct development (Ametabolous)

91
Q

Organism goes through a larval stage; larvae do not resemble adults

A

Indirect development

92
Q

A form of insect development (indirect) which includes four life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult

A

Holometabolous

93
Q

A form of insect development (indirect) that includes three distinct stages - egg, nymph, adult

A

Hemimetabolous

94
Q

Are Arthropods acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or eucoelomates

A

eucoelomates (coelomates)

95
Q

What are some paird jointed appendages that are found in Phylum Arthropoda

A
  • Antennae
  • wings
  • walking legs
  • mouth parts
96
Q

Arthropods are ______heterotrophs

A

Chemo

97
Q

The exoskeleton of an Arthropod is made of _________

A

Chitin

98
Q

Arthropods can be __________ or _________ and exhibit both endo and ecto forms

A

free living, parasitic

99
Q

What type of behaviors do Arthropods exhibit

A

complex behaviors including sociality

100
Q

In what environments can Arthropods be found

A

Arthropods are widely distributed and can be found in every habitat

101
Q

Arthropods posess highly developed _________

A

sensory organs

102
Q

Arhropods exhibit complex life cycles with radical transformations known as _________

A

metamorphosis

103
Q

What is the advantage of Arthropods that have very different larval and adult stages

A

It lessens the degree of intraspecific competition (compitition within a species)

104
Q

successive molts

A

Instars

105
Q

Label these two types of appendages

A

Biramous - Branched

Uniramous - Unbranched

106
Q

Label this biramous appendage

A

A. Exopod

B. Endopod

C. Coxa

107
Q

Dorsal plate of the exoskeleton

Ventral plate of the exoskeleton

A

Dorsal - Tergum

Ventral - Sternum

108
Q

Ther tergum, sternum and pleura are hard parts located on the exoskeleton of an Arthropod. These hard parts are called ______

A

Sclerites

109
Q
A
110
Q
A
111
Q
A
112
Q

What is the function of the pedipalps

A

feeding appendage

113
Q

This structure of an Arachnid produces fibrous protein

A

silk glands

114
Q

This structure on an Arachnid spins protein into thread

A

Spinnerets

115
Q

Modified hairs found on Archnids that act as mechanoreceptors

A

Sensillae

116
Q

Used for prey capture, movement and shelter of Arachnids

A

web

117
Q

Arachnids are _________, and give birth to live young

A

Viviparous

118
Q

Class of Subphylum Myriopoda that have one pair of appendages per segment with a well developed head and eyes.

A

Chilopoda

(Centipedes)

119
Q

Class of Subphylum Myriopoda that has 2 pair of appendages per segment and a poorly developed heard

A

Diplopoda

(millipedes)

120
Q

Are antennae pressent in Subphylum Chelicerata

A

no

121
Q

What tagmata are present in Subphylum Chelicerata

A

Cephalothorax (prosoma)

Abdomen (opithosoma)

122
Q

Describe the difference of Chelicerae and pedipalps in Subphylum Chelicerata

A

Chelicerae are appendages that are modified into fangs, stingers and claws.

Pedipalps are used in feeding

123
Q
A
124
Q

Muscle that moves limb away from the body

A

extensor

125
Q

Muscle that draws the limb back toward the body

A

flexor

126
Q

Grasshopper mouthparts are used in what manner

A

Chewing

127
Q

Muscles used for flight that control the wings

A

Direct muscles

128
Q

Muscles used in flight that control the body shape

A

Indirect muscles

129
Q

What two forces must be produced by insect wings to fly

A

Lift and Thrust

130
Q

Describe the path of water through the water-vascular system of a starfish

A
  • Madreporite
    • Stone canal
      • Ring canal
        • Radial canal
          • Lateral canal
            • Ampulla
              • Tube foot
131
Q

A structure located at the end of the arm on a starish that is used for detecting light

A

Ocellus

132
Q

Describe the path that food takes through the digestive tract of an insect

A

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophogus

crop

gizzard

intestines

rectum

anus

133
Q

Which Phylum is characterized by many evolutionary loses

A

Echinodermata

134
Q

What type of symmetry is observed in Echinoderms

A

Radial

135
Q

What terms are used to describe the orientation of a starfish

A

oral

aboral

136
Q

What reversals/losses are documented within Echinoderms

A

No segmentation

Loss of head

Loss of brain

Radial symmetry

no excretory system

very reduced circulatory systme

137
Q

What type of digestive system is present in Echinoderms

A

Complete digestive system

138
Q

What type of skeleton is exhibited in Echinoderms

A

Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate with ossicles and spicules

139
Q

Describe the larva of Echinoderms

A

Echinoderms have bilaterally symmetrical larva called pluteus

140
Q

Are Echinoderms acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or eucoelomates

A

eucoelomates

141
Q

Star fish belong to what class

A

Asteroidea

142
Q

Members of this group have spines with muscles at the bottom that allow them to move

A

Echinoidea

(Sea Urchins)

143
Q

This group of Echinoderms are benthic

A

Holothuroidea

(Sea Cucumbers)

144
Q

This group of Echinoderms have their mouths oriented up instead of down

A

Crinoidea

(Feather Stars)

Zoology (6 decks)

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