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Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: Trichomonas have modified mitochondria

A

True

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2
Q

The Plasmodium pictured is in what stage of its life cycle

A

Trophozoite

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3
Q

Explain why Protista is no longer recognized as a formal taxonomic group

A

Protistans can be found scattered throughout other Phyla and is considered more of a paraphyletic group.

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4
Q

Can be found in the water column

A

Pelagic

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5
Q

This organism belonging to Class Trypanosomatidea is a cutaneous pathogen that is transmitted through sand flies

A

Leishmania

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6
Q

Do any Prokaryotes have Flagella?

A

Yes, but not all have. They are made of flagellin and are composed of 3 parts: Basal body, Hook, and Filament.

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7
Q

Chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles (if present) divide and migrate, kinetochores and kinetochore fibers form, and the spindle forms.

A

Prophase

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8
Q

specialized archeocytes that form spicules

A

Sclerocytes

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9
Q

Chromalveolata is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 3 groups of Protista

A

Dinophyta

Apicomplexa

Ciliophora

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10
Q

Do any Eukaryotes have Flagella?

A

Yes, but not all have. They are made of microtubules and are found in pairs; 9 pairs around a central pair called 9+ 2 fashion.

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11
Q

Trichomonas belong to what Kingdom, Phylum and Class

A

Kingdom Protista

Phylum Axostylata

Class Parabasalea

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12
Q

These organisms have what type pseudopodia

A

Reticulopodia

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13
Q

This ultrastructual feature functions in host cell penetration and is made up of a conoid, polar rings and rhoptries

A

apical complex

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14
Q

This parasite feeds on the intestinal epithelium

A

Giardia

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15
Q

What organism is pictured

A

Trypanosoma

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16
Q

Feeding cell found in Phylum Poriferan

A

Choanocyte

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17
Q

Do any Prokayotes have pilus?

A

Yes, only in Gram Negative bacteria. It acts as a bridge to transfer genetic material.

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18
Q

Excavata is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 3 groups of Protista

A

Parabasalea

Diplomonadida

Euglenozoa

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19
Q

What is the function of Amoebocytes

A

They move by pseudopodia to redistribute nutrients to other cells

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20
Q

In Phylum Euglenozoa name one organism that is free living and one organism that is parasitic

A

Free living - Euglena

Parasitic - Trypanosoma

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21
Q

What are the three basic body types of a Poriferan

A

Asconoid

Syconoid

Leuconoid

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22
Q

Body form with even more folding, more and smaller choanocyte chambers, spongocoel essentially nonexistent, has excurrent canals instead

A

Leuconoid

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23
Q

True or False: Giardia are unicellular and flagellated

A

True

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24
Q

What is one defining feature of Phylum Axostylata

A

Axostyle

(cytoskeletal element)

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25
Q

Parasite vector that requires transmission through biting. The parasite requires this vector to complete part of its lifecyle

A

Biological vector

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26
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Trichomonas

Phylum Axostylata

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27
Q

What are the 5 different types of pseudopodia

A
  1. Lobopodia
  2. Axopodia
  3. Filipodia
  4. Reticulopodia
  5. Rhizopodia
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28
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Trypanosoma

Phylum Euglenozoa

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29
Q

The Plasmodium pictured is in what stage of its lifecycle

A

Ookinetes

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30
Q

Trypanosoma is a blood parasite that causes what disease

A

East/West African sleeping sickness

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31
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Leishmania

Phylum Euglenozoa

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32
Q

What class do the majority of sponges belong to

A

Demospongiae

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33
Q

What type of pseudopodia do Radiolaria primarily use

A

Axipodia and Filipodia

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34
Q

Caused by Dinophyta these toxic blooms poison vertebrate animals but often leave invertebrates unaffected

A

Red Tides

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35
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Plasmodium

Phylum Apicomplexa

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36
Q

What are some possible functions of the Rhizopodia

A
  • movement
  • attachment
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37
Q

Do any Eukaryotes have a cell membrane?

A

Yes all MUST have a cell membrane. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and a few other substances.

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38
Q

Body form that is simple, continuous choanoderm w/ no folds, small, vaselike, spongocoel and osculum

A

Asconoid

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39
Q

Body form with pinacoderm/choanoderm folded, choanocytes in chambers, thick body wall

A

Syconoid

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40
Q

Chromalveoleta is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 3 groups of Protista

A

Dinophyta

Apicomplexa

Ciliophora

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41
Q

These organisms have cells walls composed of plates (Theca) with some species being heterotrophic and others photosynthetic

A

Dinoflagellates

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42
Q

Super fine internal detail of the cell visible only with an electron microscope - Cytoskeletal elements

A

Ultra structure

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43
Q

What is the defining feature of organisms that belong to Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Apical complex

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44
Q

Name this organism and label its parts

A

Euglena

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45
Q

Organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon.

A

Mixotrophic

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46
Q

specialized archaeocytes that form collegen

A

collenocyte

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47
Q

Giardia belong to what Kingdom, Phylum and Class

A

Kingdom Protista

Phylum Retortamonada

Class Diplomanadea

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48
Q

These cytoskeletal elements that make up pseudopodia are made of the protien actin and can be rebuilt

A

microfilaments

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49
Q

What phylums has organisms with a pellicle

A

Euglenozoa (Euglena)

Ciliophora (Paramecium)

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50
Q

What are some possible functions of the lobopodia

A
  • movement
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51
Q

Discribe the structure of a Eukaryotic flagellum/cilia

A

The flagellum/cilia are extensions of the cell. They are not located outside of the cell. This means they have a cell membrane and are composed of cytoskeletal elements (microtubules) in a 9+2 arrangement.

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52
Q

These organisms have a silicious skeleton and the cell is divided into an inner endoplasm (capsule) and an outer ectoplasm (calymma). They are also an important component of marine plankton

A

Radiolaria

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53
Q

What is the defining feature of organisms that belong to Phylum Ciliophora

A

Cilia used for movement and sweeping liquid across the cell

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54
Q

What 3 classes are found in Phylum Porifera

A

Calcarea

Hexactinellida

Demospongiae

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55
Q

Rhizaria is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 2 groups of Protista

A

Foraminifera

Radiolaria

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56
Q

These organisms are unicellular and have permanently condensed chromosomes

A

Dinoflagellates

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57
Q

Phylum Porifera are classified based on what 3 filtering designs

A

Asconoid

Syconoid

Leuconoid

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58
Q

What is the function of Pinacocytes

A

They are covering cells for protection

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59
Q

What structure is pictured on this Euglena

A

Pellicle

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60
Q

What ultrastructure is shown here

A

Apical complex

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61
Q

Attached to substrate or lurking at the bottom

A

Benthic

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62
Q

What structure is the arrow in this picture pointing to

A

Kinetoplast

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63
Q

Organisms that belong to this Phylum have no organs or organ systems and rely exclusivly on diffusion. They are classified based on their filtering design.

A

Phylum Porifera

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64
Q

Name this organism and the stage it is in

A

Giardia

resting stage (cyst)

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65
Q

Tubelike organelle in some flagellate protozoa, extending from the area of the kinetosomes to the posterior end, where it often protrudes

A

Axostyle

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66
Q

Name the organism and the stage it is in

A

Giardia

feeding stage (trophozoite)

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67
Q

Organisms that belong to this Phylum are mostly marine with few aquatic species. They have limited radial symmetry and they are all filter and suspension feeders

A

Phylum Porifera

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68
Q

This organism has modified mitochondria

69
Q

Describes an organism that can move in the water column

70
Q

specialized archaeocytes that form spongin

A

Spongeocytes

71
Q

Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Cell wall

A

Only some Eukaryotes possess a cell wall (plants and fungi). Most Prokaryotes have a cell wall but not all.

72
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Stentor

Phylum Ciliophora

73
Q

What are some possible functions of the axopodia

A
  • movement
  • defense
  • increase surface area
74
Q

How do Giardia reproduce

A

The cyst is released in fecal mater that contaminate soil or water. It is then taken in by humans and pass through the stomach. They once again become active and feed (Trophozoite) on the intestinal epithelium by sucking out the contents of the cell. This disease is known as Giardisis

75
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Ceratium

Phylum Dinophyta

76
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Noctiluca

Phylum Dinophyta

77
Q

Begins with the separation of the centromeres, and the pulling of chromosomes (we call them chromosomes after the centromeres are separated) to opposite poles of the spindle.

78
Q

These organisms are free living, unicellular and amoeboid.

A

Radiolaria and Foraminifera

79
Q

The Plasmodium pictured is in what stage of its life cycle

A

Gametocytes

80
Q

Trichomonas is an obligate parasite meaning…

A

it is a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host

81
Q

This ultrastructure is used for defense and prey capture in paramecium

A

Trichocysts

82
Q

Describe the composistion of a Eurkaryotice cell wall

A

In algae and plant cells, the cell wall is usually composed of cellulose. In molds it is composed of chitin and/or cellulose. Animal cells and protozoans lack cell walls. The rigid, tightknit molecular structure of the cell wall determines shape and helps resist osmotic lysis.

83
Q

What cell types are found in an organism belonging to Phylum Porifera

A

Pinococyte

Choanocyte

Amoebocyte

Archeocyte

84
Q

Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

size

A

Eukaryotic cells are larger than Prokaryotic cells

85
Q

Giardia have modified mitochondria known as

A

Mitosomes or Hydrogenosomes

86
Q

Describe three methods of motility found among protists

A
  • Cilia / Flagella
    • Membrane bound extensions of the cell
  • Cell extrusions
    • expelling something to make the cell move (limited movement)
  • Cell flow (pseudopodia)
    • change in cell shape, extention of the cell
87
Q

Modified mitochondria with permanently condensed DNA that is a defining feature of Class Trypanosomadidea

A

Kinetoplast

88
Q

Photosynthetic Dinoflagellates have chlorophylls ____ and ____ as well as the accessory pigment _______

A

Chlorophylls a and c

accessory pigment peridinin

89
Q

Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

internal compartmentalization

A

Eukaryotes have membrane bound organells and Prokaryotes do not.

90
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Euglena

Phylum Euglenozoa

91
Q

A multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis

92
Q

The splitting of the cytoplasm and allocation of the golgi, plastids and cytoplasm into each new cell.

A

Cytokinesis

93
Q

These organisms are free living and symbiotic

A

Dinoflagellates and Ciliophora

94
Q

What are the two stages in the life cycle of a Porifera

A

Parenchymatous larval

Sessile adults

95
Q

What organism is pictured here

96
Q

The chromosomes (which at this point consist of chromatids held together by a centromere) migrate to the equator of the spindle, where the spindles attach to the kinetochore fibers.

97
Q

Is Giardia free living or parasitic?

A

Parasitic (intestinal parasite)

98
Q

Oganisms that belong to this Phylum are some of the most structurally complicated cells known. They are all unicellular and heterotrophic and contain two nuclei

A

Ciliophora

99
Q

A parasite carrier where the parasite does not live within the vector and is transmitted on its body

A

Mechanical vector

100
Q

A protein structure found at the base of flagellum that anchors it in place

A

basal body

101
Q

Do any Eukaryotes have cilia?

A

Yes, they are shorter than Flagella & more numerous, made of Microtubules as well

Ex. Paramecium

102
Q

Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

organization of the genetic material

A

Prokaryotes have circular DNA that can be found in the area known as the nucleoid. Eukaryotes have linear DNA that is found inside a membrane bound nucleus

103
Q

What is the defining feature that characterizes the group Chromalveoleta

A

Corticle alveoli

104
Q

The condition in which a tissue, organism, or filament does not have an internal cellular structure and the organelles freely mix forming a n enormous multinucleate cell

105
Q

Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

cell division

A
  • The usual method of prokaryote cell division is termed binary fission. The prokaryotic chromosome is a single DNA molecule that first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicate and original chromosomes are separated. Following cell splitting (cytokinesis), there are then two cells of identical genetic composition
  • Eukaryote cell division is known as Mitosis (Meiosis for reproductive cells). Mitosis phases consist of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokenesis. During these phases the chromosomes are copied and divided up into identical daughter cells.
106
Q

What is the energy storage product in Dinoflagellates

107
Q

Membrane bound cavities just underneath the outer cell membrane

A

Corticle alveoli

108
Q

gelatinous matrix found in a Poriferan

109
Q

Covering cell in Poriferans that is used for protection

A

pinacocytes

110
Q

The 9+2 arrangement of cytoskeleton elements (microtubules) shown here dipicts what

A

Eukaryotic Flagellum

111
Q

Explain the reproductive cycle of a sponge

A

Reproduction by sponges is by both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction is by means of external buds. Some species also form internal buds, called gemmules, which can survive extremely unfavorable conditions that cause the rest of the sponge to die. Sexual reproduction takes place in the mesohyl. Male gametes are released into the water by a sponge and taken into the pore systems of its neighbors in the same way as food items. Spermatozoa are “captured” by collar cells, which then lose their collars and transform into specialized, amoeba-like cells that carry the spermatozoa to the eggs. Some sponges are monoecious; others are dioecious.

112
Q

What is the function of archeocytes

A

They produce the skeleton

  • spongocyte
  • schlerocyte
  • collenocyte
113
Q

This Class of organisms that belong to the Phylum Euglenozoa are unicellular, parasitic and have kinetoplasts

A

Trypanosomatidea

114
Q

Cell found in Poriferans that redistributes nutrients to other cells

A

Amoebocyte

115
Q

Cells in Poriferans that produce the skeleton

A

Archeocytes

116
Q

These cytoskeletal elements that make up pseudopodia are made of protein tubulin and can be rebuilt

A

microtubules

117
Q

What organism is pictured here

A

Trichomonas

118
Q

Pseudopodia are controlled by what cytoskelatal elements

A
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
119
Q

Describe the composition of a cell wall in Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes that contain a cell wall are bacteria. It is composed of layers of peptidoglycan. In a gram positive bacterium there are several layers of peptidoglycan (Thick cell wall). In a gram negative bacterium there are few layers of peptidoglycan (thin cell wall).

120
Q

What skeletal elements can be found in sponges

A
  • Spongocyte - spongin
  • Schlerocyte - spicules
  • Collenocyte - collegen protein
121
Q

Do any Prokaryotes have a cell membrane?

A

Yes all MUST have a cell membrane that is made of a phospholipid bi-layer.

122
Q

Members of this Phylum are strictly parasitic with complex lifecycles. They go through multiple stages sometimes with multiple hosts.

A

Apicomplexa

123
Q

This Class of organisms that belong to the Phylum Euglenozoa are unicellular, free living and mixotrophoic

A

Class Euglenoidea

124
Q

The chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles, the nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin form, and the nucleolus (which had disappeared during Prophase) reform. Where there was one cell there are now two smaller cells each with exactly the same genetic information. These cells may then develop into different adult forms via the processes of development.

125
Q

What are two types of plankton

A
  • zooplankton - animal plankton
  • phytoplankton - phytosynthetic plant plankton
126
Q

What is the function of the Choanocyte

A

It is a feeding cell (phagocytosis) that filters nutrients out of water using reticulopodia, and flagellum are used to move water into the cell.

127
Q

List the factors that influence the location of protists (plankton)

A
  • Light intensity
  • Light quality
  • Salinity
  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon Dioxide
128
Q

Describes an organism that is to weak to overcome water currents or has no motion (difter)

129
Q

What are some possible functions of the filopodia

A
  • movement
  • increase resistance to descent in a water column
130
Q

Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

cytoskeleton

A
  • Cytoskeleton is present in a Eukaryotic cells. It is to maintain shape and stability– Microtubules maintain shape, and Microfilaments allow movement of molecules in cytoplasm.
  • Not all Prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton– it is to maintain shape and stability, made of ACTIN
131
Q

Do any Prokaryotes have cilia?

132
Q

What are the 3 Subgroups of Eukaryotes that we are responsible for in this unit

A

Excavata

Chromalveolata

Rhizaria

133
Q

How many flagella do Dinoflagellates have

A

They have two flagella that are oriented perpendicular to one another located in the groove of the cell wall. This allows the organism to spin as well as move vertically in the water column

134
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Giardia

Phylum Retortamonada

135
Q

Do any Eukaryotes have a pilus?

136
Q

What are some possible functions of the Reticulopodia

A
  • movement
  • capture
137
Q

Rhizaria is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 2 groups of Protista

A

Radiolaria

Foraminifera

138
Q

Euglena belong to what Kingdom, Phylum and Class

A

Kingdom Protista

Phylum Euglenozoa

Class Euglenoidea

139
Q

Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to

A

Paramecium

Phylum Ciliophora

140
Q

These organisms have siliceous or calcium carbonate tests and are an important component of marine plankton

A

Foraminifera

141
Q

What name the genus and label the picture

A

Paramecium

142
Q

Describe the life cycle of a Paramecium

143
Q

Members of this phylum only have two tissue types; the gastrodermis and epidermis with a noncellular gelatinous matrix separating the two (Mesoglea)

144
Q

What are the 4 classes of Cnidarians you need to know and list examples from each

A

Hydrozoa

Anthozoa

Scyphozoa

Cubozoa

145
Q

Members of this Phylum are primarily marine and both benthic and pelagic species

146
Q

What kind of life cycle is exhibited in Phylum Cnidaria

A

Dimorphic alternation of generations

147
Q

What two body forms can be found in Phylum Cnidaria

A

Sessile Polyp

Motile Medusa

148
Q

Do members of phylum Cnidaria possess any kind of symmetry

A

Yes, radial symmetry

149
Q

What are the two types of proteins that give Cnidarians their cell shape

A
  • Structural proteins
    • Microtubules
      • made of protein tubulin
    • Itermediate filaments
    • Microfilaments
      • made of protein actin
    • Collagen
    • Elastin
    • Fibrin
  • Contractile (motor) proteins
    • Actin
    • Myocin
    • Dynein
    • Kinesin
150
Q

Tissue that has only once cell type

A

Simple tissue

151
Q

Tissue that consists of multiple cell types

A

Complex tissue

152
Q

Are the tissues found in Cnidarians (Epidermis and Gastrodermis) complex or simple tissues

A

Complex tissues

153
Q

Label this typical Cnidarian

and describe what is happening point J

A

Point J shows that there is a thorough mixing of digestive enzymes and food items before digested components are imported into the cells

154
Q

What are the functions of a cnidocyte

A
  • Injection
  • Entanglement
  • Attachment
155
Q

What are epithilio muscular cells

A

They are covering cells overlap one another (they are not true muscles) and when they constrict and relax the Cnidarian is capabale of moving (bending)

156
Q

What are the two epithelio-muscular cells that are present in Cnidarians

A

Longitudinal epithelio-muscular

Circular epithelio-muscular

157
Q

What kind of lifecyle does a Cnidarian go through

A

Diplontic Life Cycle

158
Q

Label this asconoid sponge

159
Q

Label this syconoid sponge

160
Q

Label this leuconoid sponge

162
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system of a Cnidarian and what do they do

A

Sensory cell - detect stimulus

Effector cell - causes a response

163
Q

What is the specialized cell type that is used for prey capture in Cnidarians

A

A Cnidocyte that contains a nematocyst is used for prey capture. When it is triggered it releases into the prey and releases a toxin.

164
Q

What type of cell is pictured and what Phylum can it be found in

A

Cnidocyte cell found in Phylum Cnidaria

165
Q

Describe a Cnidarian Life Cycle (Diplontic)

166
Q

This organism causes __________ in a pregnant womans unborn fetus and is contracted through cat feces

A

Toxoplasm causes Toxoplasmosis

167
Q

What disease is caused by this organism

168
Q

What disease is caused by this organism

Zoology (6 decks)

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