Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology - Unit 4 - 10 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PNS

A
  • voluntary

- involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Involuntary

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic

2 efferent neurons

  • preganglionic
  • postganglionic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

voluntary

A

skeletal muscle

1 efferent neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

autonomic

A
  • cardiac
  • smooth
  • glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sensory neuron

A

to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

somatic motor neuron

autonomic motor neuron

A

from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

efferent division

A

from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

afferent division

A

to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

efferent system that governs fx w/o conscious effort

CNS to periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Branches of the ANS

A
  • sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

- parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SNS

A

fight or flight

  • increase HR, BP
  • blood volume shifts to skeletal muscles
  • bronchodilation
  • increase blood glucose (liver)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PNS

A

rest and digest

  • increase GI motility
  • increase visceral blood flow
  • decrease HR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anatomy of ANS

A

2 neuron system

  • Preganglionic and Postganglionic
  • Pairs of neurons linked together
  • Action potentials driven through sodium channels across synapses
  • Chemical communication at ganglia and junction with target organ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sympathetic neurons

A

-Preganglionic neurons located in the thoracic and lumbar region

-Synapse in 2 cord-like chains of ganglia that run parallel
on each side of the spinal cord

-Long postganglionic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Preganglionic neurons arise from cranial/sacral regions of spinal cord and synapse in ganglia near or on the effector organ (short postganglionics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neurotransmitters

A

mediate signals // cell/targets

neurotransmitters received by down-stream cell and produce a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ANS: 2 kinds of neurotransmitters

A
  • Cholinergic

- Adrenergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acetylcholine

A

released by both PNS and SNS presynaptic neurons

-cholinergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

These receptor (at the ganglia) are called ________ (b/c they bind other chemicals as well…namely nicotine)

A

Nicotinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

actually sodium channels, so when they open they stimulate an action potential to travel down the postganglionic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Drugs that target nicotinic receptors essentially…

A

turn on ALL of the ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

parasympathetic fibers release Acetylcholine (Ach) at the postganglionic target

A

called Cholinergic Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cholinergic Neurons

The receptors on targets are called

A

muscarinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Action of Ach is terminated quickly by:

A

acetylcholine esterase (enzyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Parasympathetic NS dominated by:

A

activity of muscarinic receptors interacting w/ Ach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ach

A

very versatile neurotransmitter

  • acts at all ganglia (bind nicotinic receptors)
  • motor neurons release Ach
  • Ach binds nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle
  • binds muscarinic receptors in PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cholinesterases

A

get rid of Ach very quickly

when Ach is released from the receptors it is rapidly destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pathway of Ach

A
  1. Ach is released
  2. Ach binds w/ its receptor
  3. action of Ach is terminated by AchE
  4. if AchE is inhibited. Ach is not broken down as quickly and produces a more dramatic effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha

Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Alpha

smooth muscles in blood vessles

A

alpha 1 - post-synaptic and primarily found in the vasculature

alpha 2 - autoreceptors and found on the nerve terminal and in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Beta

A

beta 1 - found in the heart (and in the kidney)

beta 2 - found in the lungs, also influence metabolic rate

33
Q

Nor-epinephrine (NE)

A

released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons and generate response

34
Q

NE will bind to ______ receptors

A

adrenergic

35
Q

most NE gets pumped back into post-ganglionic neurons

A

re-uptake mechanism

takes longer to get rid of NE from synapse

36
Q

receptors for Ach

A
  • muscarinic

- nicotinic

37
Q

receptors for Norepinephrine

A
  • Alpha (1 and 2)
  • Beta 1
  • Beta 2
38
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

innervates most of the vascular smooth muscle

BP and peripheral resistance controlled by SNS

39
Q

stimulation

A

vasoconstriction

40
Q

not stimulated

A

vasodilation

41
Q

cholinergic receptors

A
  • muscarinic receptors are located at the parasympathetic postganglionic fibers (target organ)
  • nicotinic receptors are found at the motor end plate (neuromuscular junction), in all autonomic ganglia and in adrenal medulla
42
Q

Responses to PNS stimulation

A

Heart - decreases HR (SA node and AV node) - effects limited to the atria

Eye - contracts the sphincter of the iris and constricts the pupil, contracts ciliary muscle - accommodation for near vision

GI - increases secretions and peristalsis

Genitourinary - muscle in bladder wall contracts, sphincter relaxes

43
Q

Where are Adrenergic receptors and what do they do when stimulated?

Alpha

A

peripheral blood vessels

contraction of constriction…mostly vasoconstriction

44
Q

Where are Adrenergic receptors and what do they do when stimulated?

Beta 1

A

Heart

increase HR and contractility

45
Q

Where are Adrenergic receptors and what do they do when stimulated?

Beta 2

A

smooth muscle

relaxes smooth muscle…bronchodilation, decrease secretion in bronchioles

increase metabolic rate

46
Q

Responses to SNS stimulation

A

Heart - increase HR, contractility, cardiac output

Eye - innervates the radial muscles of iris (alpha receptors) dilating the pupil

GI - SNS diverts attention away from the GI tract decreasing secretions and motility

GU- relax bladder wall and contracts the sphincter

47
Q

General Rules of Innervation

A
  • many organs are innervated by both SNS and PNS
  • most of the time the 2 systems have opposing effects
  • important organs that receive innervation from both SNS and PNS - eye, heart, bronchial smooth muscle, GI, GU
  • resting state, most dually innervated organs are controlled by PNS
48
Q

drug design

A

we could effect neuronal conduction - stop conduction along axons

49
Q

drug design

Ganglionic agonists (NICOTINIC):

A

will fire off ALL the ganglia and all the targets will get SNS and PNS stimulation at the same time. Also neuromuscular junction stimulation

50
Q

drug design

Ganglionic (NICOTINIC) antagonists:

A

block PNS and SNS as well as neuromuscular junction

51
Q

Nicotinic agonists

A

Will turn on all of the ANS – not clinically desirable

Toxicity: skeletal muscle contraction

REMEMBER: nicotinic receptors are the only receptor found in the voluntary nervous system

52
Q

Nicotinic antagonists

trimethaphan

A
  • Blocks the entire autonomic nervous system by blocking ganglionic transmission
  • Used in hypertensive emergencies but with many side effects.

Decreases sympathetic tone
Rarely used due to side effects

But will block skeletal muscle contraction

53
Q

Muscarinic agonists

A

located at the targets for the PNS

Turn on the receptors and produce a parasympathetic like response. “rest and digest”

inhibit the breakdown of Ach = Ach will be present in higher levels at the synapsis

54
Q

Muscarinic agonist

pilocarpine, bethanechol

A

turns on muscarinic receptors at targets

Uses:

  • Glaucoma: constricts pupil, increase drainage
  • GI retention: post GI surgery
  • Urinary retention: spinal cord problems
  • Supraventricular tachycardia: SA node is setting the rate too fast. Pacing takes place in the atrium, SA node receives input fro the PNS.
  • Atropine (muscarinic antagonist) poisoning: competition
55
Q

Muscarinic antagonist

atropine, scopalamine

A

Blocks muscarinic receptors at targets – interferes with actions of PNS

Uses:
-Dilates eyes

  • Problem w/ getting air into airways due to PNS constriction.
  • Motion sickness: scopolamine. Can be delivered across the skin (patches & skin). Has nothing to do with ANS. Problem is in the brain, scopolamine blocks receptors in the brain.

Parkinson’s Disease: block the Ach to balance the dopamine deficiency

GI tract hyperactivity: interfere with peristalsis (usually preparations of atropine + opiate)

Insecticides that are Ach-esterase inhibitors (muscarinc agonists) can be blocked by atropine (also nerve gases)- think competition again.

56
Q

Muscarinic antagonists

side effects

A
  • Photophobia / blurred vision
  • Glaucoma can be aggravated
  • Tachycardia
  • Inhibition of sweating (heat stroke)
  • Urinary retention
  • Gastric retention
57
Q

Decrease the release or increase the re-uptake mechanism of nor-epi.

A

Adrenergic antagonists

58
Q

Increase the release of catecholamines (epi and nor-epi)

A

Adrenergic agonists

Nor-Epi and Epi bind to alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 receptors

59
Q

Alpha 1 agonist
(phenylephrine)

Uses:

A
  • Dilation of the eyes
  • Local anesthetic adjunct – vasoconstrict and leaves local anesthetic in area longer / also decreases bleeding from damaged vessels
  • Decongestant: constrict vessels carrying fluid to the sinuses and decrease fluid delivery to the
    sinuses
  • Increase blood pressure due to vasoconstriction, fluid doesn’t leak out of vessels
60
Q

Alpha 1 agonist
(phenylephrine)

side effects:

A
  • Increase BP
  • reduction in perfusion = potential for tissue hypoxia and inflammation, more inflammation -> rebound congestion -> more nasal spray  etc.
  • photophobia
61
Q

Beta agonists (isoproterenol)

Uses:

A
  • CHF to increase HR and contractility
  • dilate blood vessels in certain parts of the body…especially skeletal muscle beds (fight or flight  mobilize blood to skeletal muscle)
  • Treatment of asthma (B2 – bronchodilates) there are B2 selective agents
  • Anaphalactic shock: hyperactive immune response with potential for airway collapse and circulatory collapse [epinephrine]
  • B2 selective agonist can relax uterine smooth muscle to treat pre-term labor (prevent preterm birth)
62
Q

Beta agonists (isoproterenol)

Side effects:

A

increase in BP

angina

tachycardia

63
Q

Alpha 1 antagonist (prozasine)

Uses:

A

Blocks nor-epi binding

  • HTN - block alpha 1 constriction
  • hypersensitive emergency can cause blood vessel damage rapidly
  • Pheochromocytoma: adrenal tumor
  • Urinary obstruction with prostate enlargement. (alpha antagonist helps probably through changes in the prostate and the bladder.)
64
Q

Alpha 1 antagonist (prozasine)

Side effects:

A
  • hypotension
  • tachycardia: reflex action through activation of SNS
  • can induce nasal congestion
  • impotence
  • fluid retention
65
Q

Beta antagonists
(propranolol)

Uses:

A
  • decrease cardiac output and HR = decrease BP (decrease blood vessel resistance)
  • Angina: ischemic heart disease
  • Arrythmia: decreases heart rate
  • Glaucoma: decreases formation of aqueous humor from the ciliary body
  • Hyperthyroidism: not reverse hyperthyroidism, just treats the symptoms of too much thyroid.
  • Tremors and anxiety: especially things like stage fright.
  • Migraine headaches
66
Q

Beta antagonists
(propranolol)

Side effects:

A
  • May precipitate CHF – decrease contractility
    hypotension
  • precipitate asthma – block the signals that are keeping the airways open
  • rebound hypertension – especially if drug is D/C
67
Q

Pupil - SNS

A

Contraction of the circular muscle

causes constriction

68
Q

Pupil - PNS

A

Contraction of the radial muscle

causes dilation

69
Q

Which type of drug is used topically to dilate the pupil during an eye exam?

A

alpha agonist

70
Q

The neurotransmitter released at the preganglionic sympathetic nerve ending is:

A

acetylcholine

71
Q

Which of the following kinds of drugs might be used to delay absorption of a local anesthetic?

A

alpha agonist

72
Q

Drugs that have urinary urgency as a common side effect most specifically contain:

A

muscarinic agonist

73
Q

A patient has been given medication which stimulates bladder contractions to increase urination. What type of receptors have been stimulated?

A

muscarinic

74
Q

Where do the efferent pathways of the parasympathetic division originate from as they leave the CNS?

A

cranial and sacral regions

75
Q

Which receptor when inhibited slows heart rate and decreases force of contraction?

A

beta 1

76
Q

At times of stress, which of the following occur within the body?

A

glycogen is broken down and glucose is mobilized

77
Q

The neurotransmitter released at voluntary nerve endings is:

A

acetylcholine

78
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, which portion(s) send nerve fibers to smooth muscle?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic but not voluntary

Pharmacology - Unit 4 - 10 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions