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Zoology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Order Testudines

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Chelonia
Order  Testudines
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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2
Q

Turtle shared characteristics

A
  • Retract head into shell
  • Must respire inside a box
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3
Q

Turtle shells

A
  • Β-keratin (sim to crocs/feathers)
  • Form horny scutes
  • Carapace (upper)
  • Plastron (lower)
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4
Q

Head Retraction

A
  • Neck (8 cervical vertebrae)
  • Cryptodira (“hidden neck”)
    • Vertical; (2) ginglymoid joint
    • Map turtle
  • Pleurodira (“side neck”)
    • Horizontal; ball-n-socket
    • Long-necked turtle
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5
Q

Lung ventilation

A

-Costal ventilation impossible
Ribs fused to the shell
-Lung attached to shell (D/L)
Sling; lung (V) to viscera
-Contract muscles (In/Ex)
-Aquatics; pharynx/cloaca GE

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6
Q

Turtle Evolution

A

Rigid ribs & sling muscle
Reduce & lengthened vert
Articulation ∆ (Rib  Vert)
Bones into shell
Loss of teeth; keratinized beak
Neck retraction modifications
Loss of temporal fenestrae
*Not “basal” amniote trait
Well established fossil record

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7
Q

Shell mods show ecology

A
  • Domed  terrestrial
  • Aquatic  low carapaces
  • Ambush  soft shells
  • Swimmers  flippers
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8
Q

Shell modifications

A
  • Plastron hinges
  • Carapace hinges
  • Limbs block holes
  • Greater protection
  • Few predators
  • Alligators & cars
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9
Q

Suborder Pleurodira

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Chelonia
Order  Testudines
Suborder  Pleurodira
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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10
Q

Pluerodira

A

Side-neck turtles
* Necks fold inward
* Low diversity
* Pelomedusidae
* Podocnemididae
* Chelidae

Freshwater habitats
All semi-aquatic

Southern hemisphere
Africa & Madagascar
South America
SA; Australia; New Guinea

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11
Q

Suborder Cryptodira

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Chelonia
Order  Testudines Suborder  Cryptodira
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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12
Q

Cryptodira

A

¾ of all turtle spp.
No arboreal
No aerial 
Neck retraction in

Dermochelyidae
Leatherback sea turtle
Largest turtle
Reduce shell; flippers

Cheloniidae
Other sea turtles
Worldwide trop/temp

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13
Q

Trionychidae

A

Soft-shelled turtles
* FW; leathery carapace

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14
Q

Chelydridae

A
  • Snapping turtles
  • FW; large strong bite
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15
Q

Emydidae

A
  • Pond turtles/terrapins
  • FW & Terrestrial
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16
Q

Testudinidae

A

Tortoises
* Terrestrial

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17
Q

Turtle Reproduction Type

A

All oviparous
* Female excavate nest
* 40-60 day dev
* Low clutch; box turtle
* High clutch; sea turtle

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18
Q

Diapause

A

in turtles
Arrested embr-dev when stressed
* North Side-neck (Aus)

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19
Q

Sex determination in turtles

A

Environ sex determination
Incubation temperature
Type Ia; M@↓T
Loggerhead sea turtle
Type II; F@↑↓ T
Snapping turtle

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20
Q

Sea turtles and migration

A

Sea turtles
* Long distance migrations
* Magnetic fields guide way
* Ocean gyres reduce energy
* Leatherback 7000 miles!

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21
Q

conservation concerns in sea turtles

A
  • Long-lining fishing gear
  • Overharvesting of eggs
  • Roadkill during breeding
  • Artificial lighting
  • Pet trade & invasives
  • Plastic pollution 
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22
Q

Crocodylian Origin

A

Triassic origin
* Small (< 10 kg)
* Terrestrial
some herbavores

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23
Q

Jurassic Diversity

A

Marine forms

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24
Q

Origin to Extant Crocs

A

small to large
terrestrial to semiaquatic

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25
Q

†Sarcosuchus imperator

A

†Sarcosuchus imperator
* “flesh ruler”
* Africa; Early Cretaceous
* 11 – 12 m, 8000 kg
* Dinosaur hunter!

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26
Q
  • †Deinosuchus
A
  • “terrible” alligator
  • NA; Late Cretaceous
  • 10 m, 5000 kg
  • Dinosaur hunter!
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27
Q
  • †Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni
A
  • Africa; Pliocene/Pleistocene
  • 7.5 m
    early human killer
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28
Q

Order  Crocodylia

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Crocodylomorpha
Order  Crocodylia
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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29
Q

Crocodylian traits

A
  • Semi-aquatic
  • Ambush predators
  • Ectothermic
  • 4-chambered heart
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30
Q
  • Three extant groups of crocs
A
  • 26 spp
  • NA, SA, Africa, Asia, Aus
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31
Q

Alligators & caiman

A

Upper teeth visible
Sensory organs; head
New World (1 in China)
Fossil record elsewhere

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32
Q

Crocodiles

A
  • Up/Low teeth vis
  • Lingual salt excreta
  • Sensory organs; H/B
  • Old & New World
  • Africa  Americas
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33
Q

Gharial & False Gharial

A
  • Elongated snout
  • Up/Low teeth vis
  • Sensory organs; H/B
  • Southeast Asia
  • Fish eaters
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34
Q

Croc locomotion

A
  • Terrestrial
  • -Crawl; belly vs. run
  • -Walk; high walk
  • -Gallop; crocs, DV flex
  • Swim; tail sweeps
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35
Q

Hunting adaptations in crocs

A

Narrow snout; fish
Broad snout; crusher
Homodontic, conical teeth
Integumentary Sens Org; pressure
2nd Palate; Separate nasal/oral cavs
Extracardiac shunt; diving
Drag, drown, and death roll
Especially strong “closers”

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36
Q

Croc reproduction

A

All oviparous

Nest types
Allis, ½C, False Ghars; mounds
½Croc & Ghars; excavators

Environmental sex det.
Type II ESD
F; low & high temps
M; in-between

Extensive parental care
Protect nest/young
Carry young in mouth/back
Creches; young groups
Young distress call

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37
Q

Croc Conservation

A
  • Late maturity
  • Long repro life spans
  • Hunted for skins
  • Habitat connectivity
  • Invasive species
  • Endocrine disruptors
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38
Q

Order  Pterosauria

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Pterosauromorpha
Superorder  Archosauria
Order  Pterosauria
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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39
Q

Pterosauria

A
  • “wing lizards”
  • 1 of 2 flying ornithodirans
  • Earliest flying vertebrate!
  • Basal Pterosauria
  • Small sizes
  • Long rigid tails
  • †Sordes
  • Derived Pterodactyloidea
  • Larger sizes
  • Lacked tails/teeth
  • †Pterodactylus
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40
Q

Pterosauria Structure Characters

A
  • Flight convergence
  • Keel on sternum
  • Fused thoracic vertebrae
  • Synsacrum
  • Pneumatization; thin bones
  • Large eyes; Dev. balance
  • Poor olfaction
  • One-way air
  • High metabolic rates
  • Pycnofibers (insulation)
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41
Q

Pterosauria Wing Membranes

A

Cheiropatagium (FW)
Propatagium (FW)
Cruropatagium (HW)

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42
Q

Pterosauria Jaw diversification

A
  • Same niches as birds
  • Basal; small insectivores
  • Derived; highly diverse
  • Long/pointed teeth
  • Short/large-sharp teeth
  • Small/sharp
  • Long/closely set teeth
  • Long/narrow/pincerlike
  • Deep skulls/toothless
  • Broad/interlocking
  • Terrestrial stalkers?
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43
Q

Other facts about Pterosauria

A

All oviparous
Alongside Avialians
Wing size ↑ w/time

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44
Q

Order  Dinosauria

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Archosaura
Order  Dinosauria
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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45
Q

Dinosauria Adaptations

A
  • Erect stance; limbs below body
  • Post cranial pneumatization
  • Restricted Metatarsal joint
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46
Q

Dinosauria Pelvic adaptations

A

Acetabulum (articulation)
Archosaurs/Crocs/Basal Aveme
-Triradiate (pubis, ischium, ilium)
Pterosaurs
-Ischiopublic plate (Walk/Landing)
Dinosauria
-Perforated acetabulum (syn)
-Unossified hole in pelvis
-Ornithischia (bird-hipped)
-Saurischia (lizard-hipped)

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47
Q

Dinosauria Joints

A

Restricted MT joint
-Efficient loco
-Push backward
-No twisting

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48
Q

Dinosaura Pneu

A

Post Cranial Pneu
Large sauropods
Air sacs w/lungs
One directional air flow
Highly efficient movement
Invaded bones
Shared w/pterosaurs
2nd lost in ornithischians

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49
Q

Ornithischia Time

A
  • Early Jurassic
  • Late Cretaceous peak
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50
Q

Notable characteristics of Ornithischia

A
  • (All) Horny beaks
  • (2) Tooth batteries
  • (3) Quadrupedality
  • Osteoderms in some
  • Oviparous/Creches
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51
Q

Major Suborders of Ornithischia

A

†Stegosauria
†Ankylosauria
†Pachycephalosauria
†Ceratopsia
†Ornithopoda

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52
Q

Suborder †Stegosauria and †Ankylosauria

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Archosauria
Order  Dinosauria Suborder †Stegosauria †Ankylosauria
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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53
Q

†Stegosauria

A

“roof reptile”
Laurasia
4-pedal herbs
2X row of spines
Protection or Heat?
Small skull
†Kentrosaurus

54
Q

†Ankylosauria

A

“stiffening reptile”
4-pedal herbs
Heavily armored
Broad, flat bodies
Fused osteoderms
Shield-like body covers
†Euoplocephalus

55
Q

Suborder  †Pachycephalosauria †Ceratopsia

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Archosauria
Order  Dinosauria
Suborder  †Pachycephalosauria †Ceratopsia
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

56
Q

†Pachycephalosauria

A

“thick-headed reptiles”
2-pedal herbs
Thick head shield
Intraspecific combat
Low diversity
†Prenocephale

57
Q

†Ceratopsia

A

“horn appearance”
2-ped  4-ped
Frill over neck
Parietal & squamosal
Parrot-like beak
Batteries of teeth
High diversity
†Triceratops

58
Q

Suborder  †Ornithopoda

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Archosauria
Order  Dinosauria
Suborder  †Ornithopoda
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

59
Q

Ornithopoda

A

†Hadrosauridae
“bulky reptile”
Most speciose

Traits
Large = 4-peds
Horny beak
Anterior toothless
Soft-tissue crests
Bony crests
Rear tooth batteries

Evolution
Tracked with Angios
Everywhere (no Africa)

60
Q

Suborder  †Sauropodomorpha

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Archosauria
Order  Dinosauria
Suborder  †Sauropodomorpha
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

61
Q

Sauropodomorpha

A

Gigantic herbivores
Some smaller existed
Derived forms = large
Especially heavy
†Brontosaurus
†Brachiosaurus

Functional significance
Long necks & tails
↑Cer & Cau Verts
Long tail whips
Male dominance fights

Herbivory
Snipping teeth
Gastroliths
Long digestive tracks

62
Q

Order  Theropoda

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Archosauromorpha
Superorder  Archosauria
Order  Theropoda
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

63
Q

Skull considerations of Theropoda

A
  • Lightly built
  • Strut-like bones
  • Large temporal fen.
  • Ziphodont teeth
  • Puncture-&-pull feed
64
Q

Early evolution of Theropoda

A

†Herrerasauridae
Late Triassic
Ziphodont teeth

†Coelophysoidea
Ontogenetic shifts (food)
Furcula (syn after Herr)

Mid-Jur divergence
Two subclades
Ceratosauria
Tetanurae

65
Q

†Ceratosauria

A

A theropoda

Traits
w/Furcula
Reduced forearms
Short, deep skulls
Gondwana preds

Basal examples
†Ceratosauridae
†Noasauridae
†Abelisauridae

Evolution
Into Cretaceous

66
Q

†Tetanurae

A

A theropoda

“Tension tail”
All other & Aves

†Megalosauroidea
“big lizards”
Lt-Jur  Lt-Cret
Spinosauridae
Widespread

†Allosauroidea
Apex predators
3-fingered hands
Ocular crests
†Allosaruidae
†Caracharodontosauridae
*Abelisaurids replaced

67
Q

Tetanurae

A

†Tyrannosauroidea
Early; sm/long apps
Lt-Jur to Ea-Cre
Late; lg size/deep skulls
Tyrannosauridae
Lt-Cret radiation

†Compsognathidae
Small-bodied theros
†Compsognathus
Similarity w/Arch
†Sinosauropteryx

68
Q

Tetanurae

A

†Ornithomimosaurs
“bird-mimic lizards”
Cursorial species
Long neck; small skull
Covered in feathers
NA & Mongolia
†Ornithomimidae

†Maniraptorans
“hand robber”
Dinos  Aves
Marked writs motility
Dietary diversity
† Therizinisauridae
†Dromaeosauridae

69
Q

Theropod Ecology

A

Predator communities
Mammals; wide-range
Theropods; missing mid-size

Ontogenetic shifts
500X growth (H  J  A)
Body proportions
Skull & teeth
Young ≠ Adult life history
Limit intraspecific comp

70
Q

Theropod Reproduction

A

Oviparous
Parental care likely

71
Q

Subclass Aves

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Aves
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

72
Q

Two Groups of Aves

A

Paleognathae (old-jaw)
Neognathae (new-jaw)

73
Q

Neognathae Superorders

A

Galloanserae
Columbimorphae
Mirandorithes
Strisores
Gruae
Aequornithes
Coraciimorphae
Musophagimorphae
Strigimorphae
Accipitrimorphae
Psittacimorphae
Passerimorphae

74
Q

Infraclass  Paleognathae

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Aves
Infraclass  Paleognathae
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

75
Q

Paleognathae

A

“inflexible palate”
So called “old jaw”
Similar to theropods
Vomer is large

Mostly flightless

Examples
Cassowaries & Emus
Kiwis
Rheas
Ostriches
Tinamous (fly)

76
Q

Infraclass  Neognathae Superorder  Galloanserae

A

Clade>  Osteichthyes

<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Aves
Infraclass  Neognathae Superorder  Galloanserae
</Clade></Clade></Clade>

77
Q

Neognathae Traits

A

Flexible Palate
* Intracranial joints
* Bill flexes upward

78
Q

Galloanserae Examples

A
  • Ground-dwelling fowl
  • Chickens
  • Quail
  • Megapods
  • Semi-aquatic waterfowl
  • Ducks
  • Geese
  • Swans
79
Q

Infraclass  Neognathae
Superorder  Columbimorphae Mirandorithe

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Aves
Infraclass  Neognathae
Superorder  Columbimorphae Mirandorithes
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

80
Q

Neoaves (Modern Birds) Clade Traits

A
  • Tertiary diversify
  • Big toe reversal
  • Skull mods
81
Q

Columbimorphae

A

Neoave
* Flocking/seed eat
* Pigeons & Doves
* Sandgrouses
* Mesites

82
Q

Mirandornithes

A

Neoave
Flamingos (filter)
Grebes (FW diving)

83
Q

Superorder  Strisores Gruae Aequonirthe

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Aves
Infraclass  Neognathae
Superorder  Strisores
Gruae Aequonirthes
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

84
Q

Strisores

A

Neoave, Clade Passerea
Arboreal
Insects/Nectar
Hummingbirds
Swifts

85
Q

Gruae

A

Neoave, Clade Passerea
Shorebirds
Waders/Divers
Gulls/auks
Rails & Coots

86
Q

Aequornithes

A

Neoave, Clade Passerea
Core waterbirds
Albatrosses/petrels
Pelicans
Storks/herons

87
Q

Superorder  Coraciimorphae Musophagimorpha

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Aves
Infraclass  Neognathae
Superorder  Coraciimorphae Musophagimorphae
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

88
Q

Passerea  Clade Telluraves

A

Core landbird clade

89
Q

Coraciimorphae

A

Passerea  Clade Telluraves
Mousebirds
Trogons
Hornbills
Kingfishers
Woodpeckers
Toucans

90
Q

Musophagimorphae

A

Passerea  Clade Telluraves
Turacos
Plaintain eaters

91
Q

Superorder  Strigimorphae Accipitrimorphae Psittacimorphae

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Aves
Infraclass  Neognathae
Superorder  Strigimorphae Accipitrimorphae Psittacimorphae
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

92
Q

Strigimorphae

A

Telluraves
Nocturnal predators
Owls

93
Q

Accipitrimorphae

A

Telluraves
Birds of Prey
Hawks & Eagles
Falcons & Kites
Secretary bird
Sea eagles
Buzzards

94
Q

Psittacimorphae

A

Telluraves
Parrots

95
Q

Superorder  Passerimorphae

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Aves
Infraclass  Neognathae
Superorder  Passerimorphae
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

96
Q

Passerimorphae

A

Passerimorphae
Perching birds

Most diverse group
>1/2 worlds species

New Zealand wrens
Limited flyers

Suboscines
Limited vocalizations

Songbirds
Crows
Sparrows
Thrushes
Warblers
Finches

97
Q

Basic biology of Feathers

A

Bet-keratin

Pterylae
Feather follicles

Apteria
Unfeathered patches

98
Q

Anatomy of feathers

A

Calamus; anchor
Rachis; long extension
Barbs; side branches
Barbules; smaller offshoots
Hooklets; connect barbules
Vane; flexible connnection

99
Q

Vane

A

Pennaceous; present
Plumulaceous; absent

100
Q

Contour feathers

A

Pennaceous
Outermost of body
Remiges & Rectrices
Primaries & Secondaries
Flight feathers

101
Q

Down feathers

A

Plumulaceous
Lack vane; No rachis
Mainly insulation

102
Q

Semiplumes

A

Intermediate Con-Dow
With rachis; no vane
Insulation & streamlining

103
Q

Filoplumes

A

Fine, stiff, hair-like
Short barbs at tips
Connect to contour
Sense/adjust contour

104
Q

Bristles

A

Stiff rachis
Around eyes/nostrils
Prevent foreign particles

105
Q

Traits required for Powered Flight

A

Small, light body
Asymmetrical pen-fea
Leg bon/mus for TakeO
Wing bon/mus for PowS

106
Q

Exaptation

A

Trait is already available
Traits new/add function
Through evolution
EX; bird feathers
Early feathers (insulation)
Avian feathers (flight)

107
Q

Wings preceded flight

A

From the trees down
Gliding no flapping
Horizontal distance increases
Tree  ground; Tree  Tree

From the ground up
Aid with cursorial nature
Wing-assisted incline running
Wings used to ascend steep slopes

108
Q

Avemetatarsalia Evolution

A
  • Clade of archosaurs
  • The “bird feet”
  • superClass: Archosauromorpha
  • SuperOrder: Archosauria
  • Triassic Split
  • Jurassic radiation
109
Q

Left after triassic extinction?

A
  • Pterosauria
  • Dinosauria
  • Aves
110
Q

Synapomorphy (almost) of Avemetatarsalia

A
  • Decoupled fore- & hindlimbs
  • -Elongated hindlimbs
  • -Bipedalism
  • -Quad to Bi
  • Based solely on fossils
  • Constantly changing
111
Q

Triassic Origin/Radiation of Avemetatarsalia

A

†Teleocrater
-Quadrupeds
Orthodira (Bird necks)
-Cervical ≠ Trunk
Pterosauromorpha
-†Lagerpeton
-†Kongonaphon kely
Pterosauria

112
Q

Dinosauria

A

Mid-Tri origin
Jur radiation
Cret domination
Largest land verts
-Ornithischia
-Sauropodamorpha
-Theropoda

113
Q

Other reptilian taxa in Avemetatarsalia

A

Pterosaurs
Ichthyosaurs
Mosasaurs
Plesiosaurs
Crocodylians

114
Q

Emergence of Avialans

A

Mosaic evolution
Many intermediate forms
Indep evo of body parts
Feathers but no flight
Flight, beaks with teeth

115
Q

†Archaeopteryx

A

Imporant for evol of birds
Discovered in 1860
Origin of Species (1859)
“ancient wing”
Dinosaur & Bird characters
More 1876 & 2014
Basal Avialae; Lte.Jurassic

116
Q

Basal avialan diversification

A

†Jeholornis (non-powered flight)
†Confuciusornis (w/pygostyle)

117
Q

Enantiornithes

A

Bird ancestor
“opposite bird”
Early Cretaceous
Skeletal changes
Powered flight
†Yuanchuavis

118
Q

Ornithurae

A

Bird ancestor
“bird tail”
Late Cretaceous
Plow pygostyle
Fan-like tail feathers
Arboreal to Swimmers

119
Q

Availan characters in regards to mosaic evolution

A

†Compsognathus (outgroup)
†Archaeopteryx
†Confuciusornis
Cardinalis

Furcula (Anteroventral (Com) —> posteroventral
No flight fea (Com) –> flight feathers
Long tails (Com-Arch) –> short/pygo (Con-Car)
Teeth (Com-Arch) –> beaks (Con-Car)

120
Q

Avian Features

A

Fusion of wrist-fingers & ankle-toes
Paedomorphic skull & enlarged brain
Short tail; anterior direct femur
Highly modified pectoral girdles/forelimbs
Synsacrum
Hindlimbs with fusions; digitigrade posture

121
Q

Paravians

A

Most cursorial/terrestrial
Graceful flight not needed
Enhanced agility

122
Q

Weight Reduction for flight

A

Maximum body size
Power scales by 2.25
2.25 times weight
Imposes limit on flight
All spp w/similar shape

123
Q

Skeletal modifications for weight reduction for flight

A

Flight and Bipedalism
Pneumatic skeleton
Especially light skull
Legs are heavier
Bipedalism = all weight
Fusions, reductions, and loss

124
Q

Fusions of bones for flight

A

Synsacrum; Vert & Pelvis
Pygostyle; Caudal verts
Carpometacarpus; FL
-Carpels + metacarpals
Tibiotarsus; HL
-Tipia + tarsal (ankle) bones
Tarsometatarsus; HL
-Tarsals + metatarsals

125
Q

Keel

A

flight muscle attach
Flightless spp w/o keel
Pectoralis major; downstroke
Supracoracoideus; upstroke

126
Q

Aspect ratio of wing shape

A

Length/width
Infers flying speed
Long/Narrow; High AR
Short/Broad; Low AR

127
Q

High-speed wings

A

Speed + control
Feed in flight
Long distance migrations

128
Q

Elliptical wings

A

Short + broad
Maneuverability

129
Q

High aspect ratio wings

A

High lift to drag ratios
Dynamic soaring (Vert air)

130
Q

Slotted high-lift wings

A

Broad + Interm AR
Static soaring (Horz air)

131
Q

Wing loading

A

Weight/total wing area
↑ greater lift
Linked with flight type

Zoology (2 decks)

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