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Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Class Lissamphibia (Amphibia)

A

<Clade> Osteichthyes
<Clade> Sarcopterygii
<Clade> Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass Tetrapoda
Class  Lissamphibia (Amphibia)
</Clade></Clade></Clade>

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2
Q

Temospondyli

A

Ancestor of Lissamphibia

cut vertebrae”
-Separate Vert elements

Through Mesozoic
-Ancestral amphibians
-†Trimerorhachis insignis (9)

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3
Q

Stereospondyli

A

Path to Lissamphibia
-Otic fenestra & tympanum
-Large jaw muscles w/fossae
-Similar life to crocodiles?
-†Cyclotosaurus robustus

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4
Q

Dissorophoidea

A

Path to Lissamphibia
-†Cacops aspidephorus
–Short snouts
–Large eyes & tympanum
-†Gerobatrachus hottoni
–Frog & Sala characters
–Simplified cranial bones
–Similar caudal vert to Liss

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5
Q

Lissamphibia

A

Superorders
Batrachia (frogs and sala)
Gymnophiona (caecilians)

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6
Q

Order Caudata

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
Class  Amphibia
Superorder  Batrachia
Order  Caudata
</Clade></Clade></Clade>

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7
Q

Caudata

A

Salamanders

Traits
Elongate, (4) legs
Walk-trot gait
Paedomorphosis (aq)

Diversity
10 families; 765 spp.
Northern hemisphere
North/Central America
TN > Europe + Asia

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8
Q

Family Cryptobranchidae

A

Largest species
“hidden gill”
Obligate cutaneous
Japanese giant
Hellbender

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9
Q

Family Plethodontidae

A

Lungless salamanders
Obligate skin breather
-Mouth & throat
2/3 of all species!
Tongue shooters!

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10
Q

Family Salamandridae

A

True salamanders & newts
Rough, granular skin
Aposmatism
Red-spotted newt

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11
Q

Order Anura

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
Class  Amphibia
Superorder  Batrachia
Order  Anura
</Clade></Clade></Clade>

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12
Q

Anura

A

Frogs & Toads

Diversity
Highest diversity
50 families; 7350 spp.
Everywhere but Antarctica

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13
Q

Frog Types

A

Short-leg hoppers
Wide-ranging predators
Cover vast distances
Potent chemical defense

Long-leg jumpers/leapers
Sedentary ambush predators
Cryptically colored
Often lack chemical defense

Feeding modes
Aquatic; Suction feeders
Terrestrial; Viscoelastic tongue

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14
Q

Family Hylidae

A

Tree frogs
Arboreal

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15
Q

Family Bufonidae

A

True toads
terrestrial

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16
Q

Family Ranidae

A

True frog
semiaquatic

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17
Q

Family Dendrobatidae

A

poison dart frogs
arb and ter

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18
Q

Order Gymnophiona

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
Class  Amphibia
Superorder  <none>
Order  Gymnophiona
</none></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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19
Q

Gymnophiona

A

Caecilians
“naked snake”

Diversity
10 families; 215 spp.
Tropical SA, Asia, Africa

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20
Q

Clade Amniota

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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21
Q

Amniote Condition

A

Phylogenetic relations
-Traditional; amniotic egg
-Phylogenetic; fenestrae (hearing hole)

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22
Q

The amniotic egg

A

Extraembryonic membranes
Embryos do not dev. gills
No aquatic larva
Gas is diffused across egg

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23
Q

Temporal fenestrae

A

Post-orbital; “windows”

Number & Arrangement
Synapsids (1; mammals)
Sauropsids
Anapsids (0; turtles)
Diapsids (2; reptiles/birds)

Larger/Diff muscles  bite

Lighter skeleton

Anapsid; none solid
Synapsida; one post-orb
Sauropsida; two post-orb

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24
Q

Soft tissue characters in amniotes

A

Derived
Waterproof skin
Keratinized elaborations
Metanephric kidneys
Costal lung ventilation

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25
Q

Musculoskeletal adaptations in amniotes

A

derived
Development of ankles
-Astragalus
-Calcaneus
Bite force
-Pterygoid
-Pterygoideus muscle
≥2 sacral vertebrae

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26
Q

Ectothermy

A

Internal temp tracks with external temperature

Heat exchange > water (23X)
Water & Dissolved O2 (920X)

Applicable terms
Acclimation; Acclimatization; Adaptation
Behavioral regulation (basking)
Physiological regulation (heart rate)

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27
Q

Endothermy

A

Generate heat internally; maintained around setpoint
Temperature change in air much faster compared to water
Rate of heat flow is diminished compared to water

Homeo-
Birds
Mammals

Regional
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Reptiles

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28
Q

Mesothermy

A

May raise body temperature above environment
Can not maintain body temperature outright
Can not capture metabolic heat

Gigantothermy
Large size & large muscles
↑ Body temperature
No overt regulation

Sea turtles
Long migrations
Surface time

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29
Q

Order Rhynchocephalia

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Lepidosauramorpha
Superorder  Lepidosaura
Order  Rhynchocephalia
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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30
Q

Rhynchocephalia & Squamata

A

Orders in the superorder Lepidosaura
Contains:
Predominantly terrestrial
Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
Lacertilia (lizards)
Serpentes (snakes)

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31
Q

Synapomorphies of Lepidosaurs

A

Skin w/over keratinized scales
Skin is shed (pattern = group)
Traverse cloacal slit
Autonomy plans in caudal vert
Determinate growth (ex Tuats)
Males with bilateral hemipenes

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32
Q

Taurtaras

A

Species in order Rhynchocephalia
“spines on back”
Diverse in Mesozoic
Terrestrials (small)
Marine (larger)

New Zealand
One extant species
Nocturnal; burrowing
Low body temps
Inverts and bird colonies
Jaws w/shearing motion

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33
Q

Order  Squamata
Suborder  Lacertilia

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Lepidosauramorpha
Superorder  Lepidosaura
Order  Squamata
Suborder  Lacertilia
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

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34
Q

Squamates – Lacertilia

A

The lizards
80% are small (<20g)
Specialize on small prey
Size range 3 cm  3 m
†Varanus priscus (5m!)

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35
Q

Ecology of Lacertilia

A

Insectivores (sm)
Herbivores (lg)
Carnivores (lg)
Many arboreal
Ballistic tongue

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36
Q

Family Gekkonidae

A

The geckos
w/setae on toes
Terrestrial/Arboreal
Med House gecko

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37
Q

Family Scinicdae

A

Skinks
Most habitats
Stout  elongated
5-lined skink

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38
Q

Family Chameleonidae

A

Chameleons
Mostly arboreal
Zygodactylous feet
Prehensile tails

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39
Q

Family Iguanidae

A

Iguanas
Herbivorous
Terrestrial/Arboreal

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40
Q

Family Dactyloidae

A

The anoles
Mostly arboreal
Anolis and evolution

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41
Q

Family Varanidae

A

Monitor lizards
Carnivorous
Largest lizards
Mostly terrestrial

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42
Q

Family Amphisbaenians

A

Limbless lizards
Limb reduction
Surface dwellers
Fossorial
Anguidae (EGLiz)

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43
Q

Characteristics of Amphisbaenians

A

Annular rings around body
Integument free from trunk
Move forward/backward
Single median tooth
Strong bite; nippers
Type linked to head morph

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44
Q

Suborder Serpentes

A

<Clade>  Osteichthyes
<Clade>  Sarcopterygii
<Clade>  Tetrapodamorpha
Superclass  Tetrapoda
<Clade>  Amniota
Class  Reptilia
Subclass  Lepidosauramorpha
Superorder  Lepidosaura
Order  Squamata
Suborder  Serpentes
</Clade></Clade></Clade></Clade>

45
Q

Squamates – Serpentes

A

The snakes
Mesozoic w/legs
All extant limbless

Characteristics
Long trunks; short tails
Leglessness (gene ex)
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
Early w/pelvic girdles
Subterranean lizards
Fossorial snakes
Lost/reduced eyes

Surface dwelling spp.
2nd redevelop of eyes
Fossorial  surface
Many ectomorphs

46
Q

Family Leptotyphlopidae

A

Thread snakes
Small and thin
Fossorial; reduced eyes

47
Q

Family Typhlopidae

A

Blind snakes
Very small species
Fossorial; reduced eyes

48
Q

Family Phythonidae

A

Constrictors (Ter/Arb)
Longest snake
Afr, Asia, Australia

49
Q

Family Boidae

A

Constrictors
Heaviest snake
NA, CA, SA, West Ind

50
Q

Family Viperidae

A

Venomous; Long fangs
True (Euas/Af); Pit (As/Am)
Fea (SeaAsia)

51
Q

Family Elapidae

A

Venomous; fangs sh-imm
Sea snakes as well
Worldwide

52
Q

Family Colubridae (2000 + spp.)

A

Rat, water, garter, & kings
Rear-fanged; grooved teeth
Envenomation = chewing
Worldwide

53
Q

Synapomorphic Traits of Lissamphibia

A

Permeable, moist skin
Cutaneous gas exchange
Skin gland
Pedicellate/bicuspid teeth
Carnivory
Columella
Sensory papilla
Levator bulbi muscle
Green rods (violet/blue light)

54
Q

Traits of Anura

A

Traits
Complete metamorphosis
Tadpole larval stage
Hop, Jump, Leap, Swim, Walk
Tibia & Fibula fused
Strong pelvis & Zygapos
Strong/flexible pectoral
Binocular vision

55
Q

Traits of Gymnophiona

A

Traits
2nd loss of legs
Terrestrial/Fossorial
Concertina loco (segs)
Reduced eyes
Annuli line with ribs
Retractable tentacle
Venomous bite!

56
Q

Animals that are ectotherms

A

most fishes
all amphibians
most reptiles

57
Q

Poikilotherms

A

“ideal” ectotherms (1:1 relationship)

58
Q

Extra embryonic layers of egg

A

(4) extraembryonic layers
Chorion (Pro/GE)
Amnion (Pro/Cushion)
Allantois (Waste/GE)
Yolk sac (nutrients)

59
Q

Embryonic roles of egg

A

Protection
Desiccation
Circulation
Nutrition
Excretion

60
Q

Why is water better than air

A

↓ Viscosity
* ↓ Density
* ↓ He-capacity
* ↓ He-conductivity
* ↑ O2
* ↑ Diffusion

61
Q

Problems with air

A

increase in Gravity
* more Support
* Loco
* O2 Exchange needs specialization for
* Respiration
* Circulation
need adaptations for h2o loss

62
Q

Thyroxine Activity

A

Produce by pituitary gland
-a neurohormone that stimulates thyroid
-initiates metamorphosis

63
Q

Tadpole ecology

A

specialized relative to adults
detrivores and filter feeders
herbivores to cannibals

64
Q

Amphibian Respiration

A

Pulmocutaneous circuit (blood goes to lung and skin to pick up o2)
* Respire through skin
* Dedicated to skin & lung
* Lung ventilation ↑ as Temp ↑

65
Q

Amphibian circulation

A
  • 3-chambered heart
  • Spongy ventricle ↓ blood and o2 mixing
  • Lung ventilation
  • Aorta with spiral valve
  • O2 blood content changes
  • Skin (system); Lungs (pulmo)
  • Alternate respiratory surfaces
66
Q

Amphibian water uptake

A
  • Aquatic; continuous
  • Terrestrial; Do not drink
  • Pelvic patch
    • Highly vascularized
      *. Absorbs water
  • Only layer needed
  • Large bladders
  • Hyposmotic urine
  • Reabsorption
67
Q

Preventing water loss in amphibians

A

Preventing water loss
* Evaporation a problem
* Decrease permeability
* Coat body with lipids
* Reflect light ↓loss
water conservation pose

68
Q

Slow mover frogs

A

Contain poisons
* Granular glands
* From diet
* Aposematism
* Mullerian mimicry
* Some venomous

69
Q

Ambush leaper frogs

A

Non-poisonous
* Cryptic coloration
* Hide in plain site

70
Q

Ecological concerns for amphibians

A

Biodiversity loss
* Chytrid fungus
* Bd & Bsal
bioindicators

71
Q

Costal Ventilation

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract
  • Rib cage/thoracic cavity involved
  • Volume change ↓ pressure
  • Air flows into lungs
72
Q

Conflicting demands of EIM (external intercostal muscles)

A

due to lateral axial bending seen in sala and lizards
-cannot ventilate both lungs, so cannot ventilate while running

73
Q

Dorsoventral flexion

A
  • Mammals
  • Synergistic move/respire
  • Viscera helps control volume
  • Movement enhances respiration
74
Q

How to overcome without dorso

A

Adv-Sauros (reptiles and birds); One-way air flow
syn: tidal air flow and diaphragm

75
Q

Faveolar lung

A
  • Sauropsids
  • Rigid, non-compliant
  • Conduction; parabronchi
  • Exchange; faveoli
76
Q

Parabronchial lungs

A
  • Diapsids, Highly derived
  • Parabronchi & Air capillaries
  • Air sacs (reservoirs)
  • Cross-current flow
  • Unidirectional through flow
  • Two breath model
77
Q

Alveolar lungs

A
  • Synapsid, Compliant
  • Conduction; all else
  • Gas exchangers; alveoli
  • Lined with surfactants
  • Capillary exchange networks
  • ↑ SA of exchange
    bidirectional tidal flow
78
Q

Circulatory in turtles and lizards, snakes

A

3-chambered heart
* (2) atria
* Partial separation
* Muscular ridge
* Intracardiac shunting

79
Q

Circulatory of Birds and Mammals

A
  • (4) chambered heart
  • Complete V-septum
  • (2) atria and (2) vent
  • No shunting possible
  • Convergent w/Crocs
  • Complete double circ.
  • Systemic & pulmonary
  • Deoxy (body)  heart
  • Oxy (lungs)  heart
  • Separate pressures
  • Higher overall pressure
80
Q

Ammonia

A
  • water
    Ammonia (deamination)
  • Product of AA catabolism
  • Water soluble  water
  • LD50 = 350 mg/kg (liquid)
81
Q

Urea

A

*land
Urea (ammonia is detoxified)
* Water soluble  urine
* Liver  kidneys
* LD50 = 8471 mg/kg (liquid)

82
Q

Uric Acid

A

reptiles
Uric acid (further detoxification)
* Partially water-soluble
* Excreted as a paste
*

83
Q

Sauropsid Excretion (turtles and reps)

A

Uricotelic (primary)
* Also NH3 & Urea

  • Kidneys
  • Elongate; lack LoH
  • Short-loop nephron
  • Extrarenal salt glands
  • Moderate Na, Cl, or K
    all on head
84
Q

Synapsid Excretion

A
  • Ureotelic
  • Kidney & nephron
  • Glomerulus
  • Proximal CT
  • Distal CT
  • Loop of Henle
  • Collecting duct
  • Countercurrent multiplier
  • Loop of Henle
  • Juxtamedullary nephron
  • Deeper LoH ↑ [urine]
85
Q

Ambush Predators

A
  • Sit-n-wait
  • High perch
  • Prey Trails
  • Caudal lures
  • Territorial
  • Oviparity?
86
Q

Widley foraging

A
  • Track via scent
  • Constant search
  • Not territorial
  • Viviparity?
87
Q

Temporal bars in squamates

A
  • Upper (Postorbital & Squamosal)
  • Lower (Jugal & Quadrate)
  • Tuatara
  • Fully diapsid
  • Two temporal bars
  • Lizards
  • Lost lower
    *
    Snakes
  • Lost lower & upper which enhances movement and flexability
88
Q

Opisthoglyphous

A
  • Rear fangs; often grooved
  • Colubridae
  • ≥1 enlarged tooth
  • Birds/lizards; hold prey
89
Q

Proteroglyphous

A
  • Short, erect hollow fangs
  • Elaphidae
  • Permanent erect
  • Many smaller teeth behind
90
Q

Solenoglyphous

A

Sheathed, foldable hollow fangs
* Viperidae
* Lie against roof of mouth
inject venom deeply

91
Q

venom

A
  • Neuro, cyto, hemotoxic
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Cell to cell cons
  • Phospholipase
  • Destroy cell membranes
  • Proteolytic
  • Breakdown muscle
92
Q

Venom cocktail

A
  • Wide diet (Complex mix)
  • Narrow diet (Less complex)
  • Lizards  neurotoxin
  • Mammals  cytotoxins
93
Q

Antipredation

A
  • Crypsis
  • Camouflage
  • Aposematism
  • Warning coloration
  • Mimicry
  • Mimic dangerous
94
Q

Deterrence

A
  • Visual displays
  • Audible displays
  • Distance attacks
  • Escape response
95
Q
  • Autotomy
A
  • Caudal
  • Vertebrae lost
  • Cartilage replace
  • Dermal/integumentary
  • Capillaries constrict
  • Skin regenerates
96
Q

Venoms & Poisons

A
  • Venomous
  • With threat displays
  • Warning coloration
  • Poisonous?
  • Food has poison
  • Asian keelback snake
97
Q

Intersexual selection

A
  • Male displays
  • Dewlaps
  • Elaborate Courtship
98
Q

Parental Care

A
  • Protect nests
  • Brooding
99
Q

Reproduction

A
  • Viviparous
  • Parental care
  • Oviparous
100
Q
  • Systemic to Pulmonary shunt
A
  • Shunting of blood
  • Control body temperature
  • Minimize heat loss at night
101
Q
  • Pulmonary to Systemic shunt
A
  • Maximize heat gain
  • Increased heart rate
    turtles; submergence trying to avoid preds
102
Q

What bones were modified?

A

Skull
* Vertebral column
* Sternum & Ribs
* Protect & Support

103
Q

Differences between S and T in skull?

A

S had many dermal playes
T had no supracleithral bone which moved atlas and axis

104
Q

Enhanced differentiation

A

S; Trun & Caud
* R; Cer, Trun, Sac, & Caud
*M: Cer, thor, lum, sac and caud

105
Q

S girdles

A

S; Pectoral girdle
* Attach to skull
* Jaw movement
* Simple muscle

  • S; Pelvic girdle
  • Not attached to vert
  • Anchors fins to body
106
Q

T girdles

A

T; Pectoral girdle
* No skull connection
* Body support
* No articulation w/Vert

  • T; Pelvic girdle
    articulates with vert
107
Q

Lepidosaurs excretion

A
  • Lepidosaurs
  • Urine ≈ Blood
  • Unable to concentrate
108
Q

Birds w/ nephrons excretion

A
  • Birds w/nephrons
  • Urine 2/3X blood
  • Short + Long LN

Zoology (2 decks)

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