Unit 4

Question 1

Periodic Trend

Answer 1

a specific pattern in the Periodic Table that is the result of various physical and chemical properties of elements or element’s atoms.

Question 2

Coulomb’s Law

Answer 2

a law that quantitatively describes the amount of electrostatic force that two objects exert on each other, which causes repulsion or attraction between said objects.

Question 3

Atomic Radii

Answer 3

one half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are considered to have their outermost energy levels tangent with each other. decreases across a period , increases down a group.

Question 4

Ionization Energy

Answer 4

the amount of energy needed to remove a Valence Electron from an atom. increases across a period, decreases down a group.

Question 5

Cation

Answer 5

an atom that has lost a Valence Electron to become a positively charged ion.

Question 6

Anion

Answer 6

an atom that has gained a Valence Electron to become a negatively charged ion.

Question 7

Electronegativity

Answer 7

the tendency for an atom to pull in and hold Valence Electrons from other atoms’ towards its own nucleus. no unit. increases across a period, decreases down a group

Question 8

Atomic Mass

Answer 8

the average amount of mass from all the stable
isotopes of a particular element. typically in amu. increases across a period, increases down a group

Question 9

Reactivity

Answer 9

the desire of an element’s atom to lose/gain Valence Electrons to become like a Noble Gas in terms of Electron Configuration.
Period Trend (Metal) - DECREASES across a Period (from left to right)
Group Trend (Metal) - INCREASES down a Group (from top to bottom)
Trend (Metalloid) - INCREASES down the Staircase (from top to bottom)
Period Trend (Nonmetal)- INCREASES across a Period (from left to right)
Group Trend (Nonmetal) - DECREASES down a Group (from top to bottom)

Question 10

Valence Electron

Answer 10

the ability/capacity of one atom of an element to join another atom in the formation of a new substance. Can be described as the “Absolute Value” of an Oxidation State. Higher Valency = -ic, Lower Valency = -ous.

Question 11

Oxidation State

Answer 11

A positive or negative number that is reflected by the number of electrons either lost or gained by an atom.

Question 12

Duet Rule

Answer 12

A rule in which an element’s atom wants a total of 2 Valence Electrons (in total) in the outermost energy level to be considered unreactive.
Ex: Such elements include Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium.

Question 13

Octet Rule

Answer 13

A rule in which an element’s atom wants a total of 8 Valence Electrons (in total) in the outermost energy level to be considered unreactive.
Ex: Such elements include almost all from the S and P-Blocks that aren’t listed above (and basically every other element.)

Question 14

Mole

Answer 14

The amount of any given substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12g of Carbon-12. (abbreviated by mol)

Question 15

Amedeo Avogrado

Answer 15

determining the amount of particles in one mole of a substance, 6.022 * 10^23

Question 16

Molar Mass

Answer 16

the mass amount that one mole of a specific pure substance (specific element or specific compound) has. The unit for Molar Mass is written in grams per mole or g/mol.