Unit 1 Flashcards
Chemistry Math Skills and Measurement
Scientific Method
a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypothesis, and formulating theories that are supported by data.
Aspects of The Scientific Method
Make an Observation
Formulate a Hypothesis
Test the Hypothesis
Theorize the Results
Publish the Results
Qualitative
data that consists of descriptive information.
Quantitative
data that consists of numerical information.
System
a specific portion of material in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation.
Hypothesis
a testable statement, if-then statement
Control
an experimental condition that is held constant.
Variable
an experimental condition that is changed.
Independent Variable
a variable that is changed during the experiment to manipulate the outcome.
Dependent Variable
the resulting variable that gets affected because of a change during the experiment.
Model
a physical object or a form of explanation that discusses how phenomena occur and how data and events are related.
Phenomena
situations that are observed to exist or happen.
Theory
a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. Theories are highly supported by scientific evidence, but not considered to be 100% true. This is because there is room for improvement.
Law
a statement based on repeated experiments and observations that allow us to describe or predict phenomena. Laws are so highly supported by scientific evidence, they are considered to be 100% true
Quantity
something that has magnitude, size, or amount.
Metric System
a system that uses a base-10 ideology in order to measure materials using basic units such as meters (length), grams (mass), and liters (volume).
Mass
a measure on the amount of matter an object contains disregarding the shape of the object. Mass does not depend on location.
Weight
a measure on the gravitational pull of some type of matter. Weight usually depends on location.
Derived Unit
a unit that involves the combination of S.I. Base Units.
Significant Figures
all the digits known with certainty plus one final digit, which is somewhat uncertain or is estimated.
Analog equipment
DO NOT use electronics to present information
Digital equipment
DO use electronics to present information
Meniscus
the curved surface of the liquid where an initial measurement should be made
Captive Zeros
zeros appearing between nonzero digits are significant
40.7 has 3 sig figs
Leading Zeros
zeros appearing in front of all nonzero digits are not significant
0.095897 has 5 sig figs
Trailing Zeros
zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal point are significant
85.00 has 4 sig figs
2000 has 1 sig fig
2000.0 has 4 sig figs
Accuracy
the closeness of a measured value to the actual value.
PrecisiOn
the closeness of a measured value to the Other measured values.
Uncertainty of Measurement
the doubt that exists about the result of any measurement; questioning its accuracy and precision.
Percent Error
the approximation error in a data value that is the discrepancy between an exact value and some approximation to it.
Expected Value
a value or amount that is expected to obtain based on known data. (also known as actual value)
Measured Value
a value or amount that is created or obtained from an experiment or test. (also known as experimental value)
Dimensional Analysis
a mathematical technique that allows one to use units to solve problems involving measurements.
Conversion Factor
a ratio derived from the equality between two different units of the same quantity that can be used to convert from one unit to the next.
Scientific Notation
a way that scientists express numbers that are larger than 1000 or smaller than 0.001; ones that are VERY large or VERY small.
M * 10^n
M has one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal
