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IS Trenton Gary > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

amino acid sequencing

A

the process of determining the specific order in which amino acids are linked together to form a protein

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2
Q

analogous structure

A

a feature found in different species that perform similar functions but have different evolutionary origins

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3
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structure and organization of living things, including plants, animals, and humans

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4
Q

biochemical evidence

A

the study of chemical processes and substances in living organisms using molecular biology techniques

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5
Q

biogeography

A

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other organisms across the Earth

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6
Q

cladogram

A

a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms based on observable characteristics

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7
Q

common ancestry

A

different species share a single ancestral organism

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8
Q

descent with modification

A

the process by which species change over time, passing traits from parent to offspring with slight variations, leading to the emergence of new species and the diversity of life we see today

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9
Q

DNA sequencing

A

the laboratory technique used to determine the exact order of nucleotides (bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up a DNA molecule

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10
Q

electrophoresis

A

a laboratory technique that separates charged molecules like DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and electrical charge by moving them through a gel matrix using an electric current

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11
Q

embryology

A

the study of the embryo and its development from a single-celled zygote (fertilized ovum) to the establishment of form and shape

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11
Q

embryo

A

the early stage of development for a multicellular organism, such as a human, animal, or plant

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12
Q

evolutionary tree

A

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms or groups of organisms

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13
Q

fossil record

A

the collection of all known fossils, arranged in chronological order based on their geological placement

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14
Q

homologous structure

A

a body part or organ that is similar in structure across different species due to their shared ancestry

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15
Q

homology

A

the similarity in anatomical structures or genes between different organisms, which is due to their shared ancestry, regardless of their current function

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16
Q

paleontology

A

the scientific study of ancient life on Earth, primarily based on the analysis of fossilized remains of plants and animals

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17
Q

phenotypic similarity

A

the degree to which two organisms share similar observable characteristics or traits

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18
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms or species

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19
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different species, organisms, or genes

20
Q

vestigial structures

A

a body part or feature that has become reduced or impaired from its ancestral condition and no longer serves a significant function within a species

21
Q

sedimentary layers

A

distinct horizontal layers of sediment that accumulate over time, often in bodies of water, forming sedimentary rocks and providing valuable information about Earth’s geological history, including past environmental conditions and the presence of ancient life forms (fossils) due to their layered structure, which indicates the sequence of deposition over time

22
Q

adaptation

A

the process by which organisms change their behavior, physiology, or structure to become better suited to their environment

23
Q

behavior

A

the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus

24
competition
an interaction between organisms or species where they strive for the same limited resources like food, water, or territory, resulting in a negative impact on the fitness of both involved organisms as they compete for the resource pool
25
fitness
an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment
26
gene pool
the collection of all genes (including different alleles) present within a population of a specific species at a given time
27
genetic variation
the natural differences in DNA sequences between individuals within a species
28
geographic isolation
the separation of a species population into distinct groups by physical barriers like mountains, rivers, or oceans, preventing gene flow between them and potentially leading to the evolution of new species over time due to divergent evolutionary paths
29
morphology
the study of the form and structure of organisms, including their size, shape, and the arrangement of their parts
30
natural selection
the process where organisms with traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring, leading to a gradual change in the characteristics of a population over time, also known as evolution
31
phenotypic expression
the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, which are the result of the interaction between its genotype (genetic makeup) and environmental factorsv
32
physiology
the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms within a living organism, examining how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work together to maintain life and respond to environmental changes
33
population
a group of individuals belonging to the same species that live in a specific geographic area and can interbreed with each other
34
reproductive isolation
a set of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent individuals from different species from successfully mating and producing fertile offspring
35
sexual selection
a mechanism of evolution that occurs when members of one biological sex compete for access to mates or choose mates of the other sex
36
speciation
the evolutionary process that creates new species by splitting a population into two or more genetically independent lineages
37
species
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial
38
Trait
a specific characteristic of an organism that is stored in its genetic material
39
Coevolution
the process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another
40
Convergent evolution
the process where two or more unrelated species independently evolve similar traits or features, usually due to adapting to similar environmental pressures or ecological niches, resulting in analogous structures that function similarly but have different evolutionary origins
41
Divergent evolution
the process where two or more species that share a common ancestor evolve distinct traits over time, often due to different environmental pressures, eventually leading to the formation of separate species
42
Founder effect
the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population
43
Gene flow
the movement of genes from one population of a species to another
44
Gene frequency
the ratio of the number of a specified allele in a population to the total of all alleles at its genetic locus
45
Gene pool
the collection of all genes (including different alleles) present within a population of a specific species at a given time
46
Genetic drift
the random change in the frequency of alleles (gene variants) within a population over time, occurring due to chance events during reproduction, and often having a more significant impact on smaller populations, leading to potential loss of genetic diversity
47
Geologic record
The geologic record is the history of Earth as recorded in the rocks that make up its crust
48

IS Trenton Gary (4 decks)

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