unit 3 d & h Flashcards
cellular division
the biological process where a single cell splits into two new cells, called daughter cells, essentially creating a copy of itself through the replication and distribution of its genetic material and cellular components
egg cell
The egg cell, o ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive cell, or gamete
epigenetic
relating to changes, especially heritable changes, in the characteristics of a cell or organism that result from altered gene expression or other effects not involving changes to the DNA sequence itself.
fertilization
the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
genome
the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.
Inherited traits
Inherited traits are physical characteristics that are passed down from parents to their offspring and are determined by an individual’s DNA
Multicellular organism
an organism composed of many cells.
sexual reproduction
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete which travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female).
sperm cell
Sperm, male reproductive cell
autosomal
Autosomal refers to the 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes in most human cells, excluding the sex chromosomes (X and Y
complete dominance
Complete dominance is a genetic condition where one allele, or version of a gene, completely masks the effect of another allele
dihybrid cross
A dihybrid cross is a breeding experiment that involves crossing two organisms that are heterozygous for two different traits
F1 (first filial)
the first filial generation seeds/plants or animal offspring resulting from a cross-mating of distinctly different parental types
F2 (second filial)
the result of a cross between two F1 individuals
genotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, or the complete set of genes it carries
genotypic ratio
A “genotypic ratio” refers to the numerical proportion of different genotypes that are expected to appear in the offspring of a genetic cross
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions
no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size, and no selection.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Genetic equilibrium is the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population) where the frequency does not change from generation to generation
incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance is a genetic phenomenon where two alleles for a trait blend to create a new phenotype in offspring
monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a breeding experiment that involves crossing two organisms that have different variations of a single genetic trait
P (parental) generation
The p generation is the original pair of parents at the start of a genetic cross experiment
phenotype
Phenotype is a term used to describe the observable physical, biochemical, and behavioral traits of an organism
phenotypic ratio
A phenotypic ratio is the proportion of different phenotypes that appear in the offspring of a genetic cross
polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance is a genetic inheritance pattern where a trait is controlled by multiple genes, or polygenes
