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Biopsychology > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

depression

A

a normal reaction to loss; abnormal when it persists or has no cause

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2
Q

mania

A

overconfidence, impulsivity, distractibility, and high energy

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3
Q

unipolar

A

only depression

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4
Q

bipolar

A

depression with mani

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5
Q

DSM criteria

A

> = 5 symptoms listed during same 2 weeks
must lose pleasure of things that used to bring pleasure

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6
Q

genetic causes

A

-not tied to specific gene
-unipolar are between 40-50% heritable

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7
Q

Seasonal Affective disorder

A

-wintertime depression
-lack of sunshine

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8
Q

is depression associated with brain changes?

A

no. Not associated with massive brain changes
-smaller scale changes

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9
Q

mPFC in depression

A

-imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs (GABA vs Glutamate signaling)

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10
Q

psilocybin has been shown to do what to mPFC

A

-increase activity
-correlated with amelioration of symptoms of depression in humans
-5HT-2A and 2C receptor agonist

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11
Q

lithium

A

-bipolar treatment
-mood stabilizer
-not well understood

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12
Q

MAOI’s

A

-bipolar treatment
-prevent breakdown of MAO (monoamines), especially serotonin (also dopamine and norepinephrine
-thought to elevate levels of serotonin

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13
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

-messy drug
-reuptake inhibition of 5HT and NE
-antagonist of 5HT and acetylcholine
-safer than MAOI’s

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14
Q

SSRI

A

-block reuptake of serotonin
-can cause serotonin syndrome if overdosed

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15
Q

SNRIs

A

-block reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine
-can cause serotonin syndrome if overdosed

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16
Q

issues with antidepressants

A

-take weeks to begin working
-have side effects
-can’t stop treatment abruptly: SSRI withdrawal syndrome (depression anxiety headaches)

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17
Q

what seem to be a common involvement in depression

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

18
Q

alternative treatments for depression besides drugs

A

-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
-deep brain stimulation (DBS)
-Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

19
Q

Ketamine

A

-alt. treatment to depression
-NMDA receptor antagonist

20
Q

state anxiety

A

temporary emotional state
ex. anxiety about upcoming finals

21
Q

trait anxiety

A

relatively stable level of anxiety proneness

22
Q

anxiety

A

chronic fear in the absence of a threat

23
Q

generalized anxiety disorders

A

stress and anxiety in the absence of a casual stimulus

24
Q

phobic anxiety disorders

A

similar to generalized but triggered by a particular stimulus (phobias)

25
Q

panic disorders

A

attacks of extreme fear and stress: can occur by itself or with other disorders

26
Q

obsessive compulsive disorders

A

obsessive thoughts alleviated by compulsive actions

27
Q

post traumatic stress disorder

A

pattern of psychological distress following extreme stress

28
Q

heritability of anxiety

A

-30-40%
-no specific genes linked to anxiety

29
Q

role of stress

A

-HPA axis becomes dysregulated in individuals with anxiety disorders
1. elevated release of cortisol
2. more cortisol receptors
3. stress..think about stress..more stress

30
Q

amygdala, hippocampus, PFC modulate..

A

hypothalamus activity
-amygdala is hyperactive in people with anxiety

31
Q

Serotonin:

A

increased levels can either increase or decrease anxiety

32
Q

GABA:

A

anxious patients have reduced GABAergic signaling

33
Q

Glutamate:

A

anxious patients may have elevated glutamate signaling

34
Q

Antihistamines and beta blockers treatments for anxiety

A

-block peripheral stress response (epinephrine and adrenaline)
-fast acting, few side effects, non habit forming

35
Q

Benzodiazepines (Librium and Valium) treatment for anxiety

A

-used to treat panic disorders and acute phobias
-highly addictive
-GABA modulator (bind to receptor and facilitate effects of GABA)
-DO NOT activate GABA receptors on their own, GABA must be present too

36
Q

Buspirone (Buspar) treatment for anxiety

A

-serotonin 1A agonist
-takes weeks to work

37
Q

SSRI’s for anxiety

A

-commonly prescribed
-reduces anxiety without sedation or addiction
-may work by reducing depressive symptoms (anxiety and depression are (COMORBID)

38
Q

cholinesterase inhibitors

A

Alzheimer’s treatment
-reduce degradation of acetylcholine

39
Q

NMDA receptor antagonists

A

Alzheimer’s treatment
-slows the spread of neurotoxicity

40
Q
A

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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