unit 4 Flashcards by Ellie Smith

depression

a normal reaction to loss; abnormal when it persists or has no cause

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mania

overconfidence, impulsivity, distractibility, and high energy

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unipolar

only depression

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bipolar

depression with mani

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DSM criteria

> = 5 symptoms listed during same 2 weeks
must lose pleasure of things that used to bring pleasure

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genetic causes

-not tied to specific gene
-unipolar are between 40-50% heritable

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Seasonal Affective disorder

-wintertime depression
-lack of sunshine

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is depression associated with brain changes?

no. Not associated with massive brain changes
-smaller scale changes

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mPFC in depression

-imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs (GABA vs Glutamate signaling)

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psilocybin has been shown to do what to mPFC

-increase activity
-correlated with amelioration of symptoms of depression in humans
-5HT-2A and 2C receptor agonist

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lithium

-bipolar treatment
-mood stabilizer
-not well understood

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MAOI’s

-bipolar treatment
-prevent breakdown of MAO (monoamines), especially serotonin (also dopamine and norepinephrine
-thought to elevate levels of serotonin

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tricyclic antidepressants

-messy drug
-reuptake inhibition of 5HT and NE
-antagonist of 5HT and acetylcholine
-safer than MAOI’s

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SSRI

-block reuptake of serotonin
-can cause serotonin syndrome if overdosed

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SNRIs

-block reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine
-can cause serotonin syndrome if overdosed

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issues with antidepressants

-take weeks to begin working
-have side effects
-can’t stop treatment abruptly: SSRI withdrawal syndrome (depression anxiety headaches)

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what seem to be a common involvement in depression

serotonin and norepinephrine

alternative treatments for depression besides drugs

-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
-deep brain stimulation (DBS)
-Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Ketamine

-alt. treatment to depression
-NMDA receptor antagonist

state anxiety

temporary emotional state
ex. anxiety about upcoming finals

trait anxiety

relatively stable level of anxiety proneness

anxiety

chronic fear in the absence of a threat

generalized anxiety disorders

stress and anxiety in the absence of a casual stimulus

phobic anxiety disorders

similar to generalized but triggered by a particular stimulus (phobias)

panic disorders

attacks of extreme fear and stress: can occur by itself or with other disorders

obsessive compulsive disorders

obsessive thoughts alleviated by compulsive actions

post traumatic stress disorder

pattern of psychological distress following extreme stress

heritability of anxiety

-30-40% -no specific genes linked to anxiety

role of stress

-HPA axis becomes dysregulated in individuals with anxiety disorders 1. elevated release of cortisol 2. more cortisol receptors 3. stress..think about stress..more stress

amygdala, hippocampus, PFC modulate..

hypothalamus activity -amygdala is hyperactive in people with anxiety

Serotonin:

increased levels can either increase or decrease anxiety

GABA:

anxious patients have reduced GABAergic signaling

Glutamate:

anxious patients may have elevated glutamate signaling

Antihistamines and beta blockers treatments for anxiety

-block peripheral stress response (epinephrine and adrenaline) -fast acting, few side effects, non habit forming

Benzodiazepines (Librium and Valium) treatment for anxiety

-used to treat panic disorders and acute phobias -highly addictive -GABA modulator (bind to receptor and facilitate effects of GABA) -DO NOT activate GABA receptors on their own, GABA must be present too

Buspirone (Buspar) treatment for anxiety

-serotonin 1A agonist -takes weeks to work

SSRI's for anxiety

-commonly prescribed -reduces anxiety without sedation or addiction -may work by reducing depressive symptoms (anxiety and depression are (COMORBID)

cholinesterase inhibitors

Alzheimer's treatment -reduce degradation of acetylcholine

NMDA receptor antagonists

Alzheimer's treatment -slows the spread of neurotoxicity