Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biopsychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

translational research

A

research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into effective clinical treatments
-from bench to bedside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

to develop a new drug it must be…

A

-safe
-more effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phases of development for new drugs

A
  1. discovery, development, testing on animals: patent issued (20 year clock begins)
  2. approval process of 8 years takes place
  3. only about 5 in 5000 drugs make it to clinical trials
  4. human clinical trials begin
  5. approved: 1 in 5000 drugs make it to the public
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

orphan drug problem

A

drugs for rare diseases are unprofitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tolerance=

A

decrease in sensitivity to a drug as a result of exposure to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

metabolic (pharmacokinetic) tolerance=

A

less drug reaches the brain
-slower absorption and distribution
-faster metabolism
-faster excretion of the drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

occurs at the level of the synapse (alcohol increases GABA signaling)
-body increases excitatory processes to restore the balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

conditioned tolerance

A

environmental cues predict drug delivery
-conditioned compensatory change prepare for drug effect
going to the bar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

acute tolerance

A

tolerance also develops during single use
-behavioral effects of drug are not the same
ex. may feel fine to drive but really blood alcohol levels are still high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sensitization

A

repeated administration of a drug can also lead to an amplification of some effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

withdrawal

A

with great tolerance comes great withdrawal
-ex. alcohol shakes
-usually opposite to the effects of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

craving

A

following a period of abstinence, the addict remains vulnerable to relapse into another cycle of drug taking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

incubation of craving

A

craving for the drug seems to progressively increase as time goes by since the last “high”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If we inhibit presynaptic GABAergic cells what happens to the post-synaptic cell?

A

Increase Dopamine release
-remember if you cut brakes (inhibit) GABA, only left with gas (dopamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GABRA2

A

mutated genes associated with alcoholism and binge drinking
-mutated genes are just correlative, does not mean you are bound to have an addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who H.M.

A

case study
-suffered from severe epilepsy and had medial portions of temporal lobe, hippocampus and amygdala removed to stop seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what was learned from H.M.

A
  1. learning may be independent from recall (HM could still learn (motor skills), rehearsal is necessary (tracing the triangle)
  2. there are multiple forms of memory
  3. the neural systems associated with memory depend on the information type (HM procedural memory still intact)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Basal Ganglia =

A

Motor skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

whats the role of hippocampus

A

-short term memory
-encoding
-unrehearsed info is lost here
-send encoded info to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

role of cortex in memory

A

-long term memory

21
Q

classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

22
Q

Pavlov’s analysis

A
  1. Unconditioned Reflex (US->UR)
  2. Neutral Stimulus (NS->”investigate”)
  3. repeatedly “pair” NS with US
  4. when true, new reflex has been created (CS->CR)
23
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

evokes response in the absence of conditioning

24
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

response elicited by the US both before and after conditioning

25
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

comes to evoke the conditioned response as a result of learning

26
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

evoked by the conditioned stimulus after learning

27
Q

Pavlov’s dogs

A

food (US), dogs salivate (UR)
food (US)+metronome (NS), dogs salivate (UR)
metronome (CS), dogs salivate (CR)

28
Q

the skinner box

A
  1. pavlovian association (rats salivate to food)
  2. conditioned stimulus=sound of the feeder
  3. unconditioned stimulus=arrival of food pellet
  4. conditioned response= approach the feeder
29
Q

shaping

A

rats learning to press the lever

30
Q

postive reinforcement

A

increase the probability that a behavior will occur by the addition of reward

31
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increase the probability that a behavior will occur by the removal of aversive stimuli

32
Q

positive punishment

A

decreases the probability that a behavior will occur by the addition of aversive stimuli

33
Q

negative punishment

A

decreases the probability that a behavior will occur by the removal of reward

34
Q

anterior

A

executive/focal (VTA/PFC)
-inhibits other targets in favor of selected foci
-integrates reward signal

35
Q

posterior

A

alerting (LC)
-general attentiveness
-prepares for fight or flight
Orienting (PC)
-prioritizes relevant sensory

36
Q

Acetylcholine is necessary for…

A

focal attention

37
Q

Cells originate in only..

A

a few places in the brain

38
Q

Terminals are in brain regions associated with…

A

anterior attention pathway
-executive attention

39
Q

What affects focal attention?

A

Manipulation of acetylcholine system

40
Q

Example of manipulation of AcH
Smoking-

A

activate nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors in the brain to improve attention

41
Q

Example of manipulation of AcH
Alzheimers

A

death of acetylcholine neurons impairs attention

42
Q

short term memory

A

-lasts abt 30 sec (longer if rehearsed)
-limited amount of items

43
Q

Long term memory

A

-large capacity
-enduring
HM was unable to move memories from short to long term (called MEMORY CONSOLIDATION)

44
Q

Long term memory: Declarative

A

facts and information acquired through learning
-anchored in time and space
-we are very aware of accessing this memory
ex. who sings all I want for Christmas is you?

45
Q

Declarative Memory: Semantic

A

generalized memory such as the meaning of a word
-without knowing where when the word was learned
-not tied to specific time or place

46
Q

declarative memory: Episodic

A

autobiographical memory that pertains to your own history
-where and when I last ate at McDonalds

47
Q

Procedural memory

A

recalled motor plans or skills
-difficult to verbalize
-like riding a bike

48
Q

memory consolidation

A

Primary structure: Hippocampus
(HM had this destroyed- impaired consolidation of declarative but not procedural memory)
-korsafoffs syndrome also affects this region

49
Q
A

Biopsychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions