unit 4 Flashcards
Saliency
the level of importance of a particular issue
Wedge Issue
an issue that sharply divides the public
Political Socialization
the process by which one develops political beliefs
Generation
all of the people born around the same time
Lifecycle Effects
the impact of life changes on individuals as they grow older
Representative Sample
a group of people used in a poll/survey that represent the larger group being studied (the “universe”).
Random Sampling
a methodology that gives every single member of the “universe” an equal chance of participating in the survey.
Universe
the group being studies by a survey/poll.
Framing Effect
a cognitive bias wherein a person’s response is influenced by how the information is presented.
Bandwagon Effect
a shift of support to a candidate or position that is currently holding the lead in polling.
Social-Desirability Bias
an error in polling wherein respondents tell the pollster what they think the pollster wants to hear.
Non-Response Bias
the phenomenon in which voters are turned away from responding to pollsters.
Monetarism
he view that the money supply is the key to a nation’s economic health.
Progressive Tax
a tax that takes a higher percentage/rate of the income of a wealthier family than a poorer family.
Proportional Tax
A tax where the government takes the same percentage of income from everyone.
Regressive Tax
a tax where the burden falls more heavily on lower-income groups
Political culture
the dominate beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that define the relationship between citizens and government
Individualism
the belief that individuals should be responsible for themselves for the decisions they make
laissez- faire
an economic system in which government intrudes as little as possible in the economic transactions among citizens and businesses
rule of law
the principle that no one including the public officials is above the law
Political ideology
an individual’s coherent set of beliefs about government and politics
Generational effect
the impact of historical events experienced by a generation
life- cycle effect
the impact of a person’s age and stage in life on their political views
Globalization
the increasing interconnectedness of people, businesses, and countries throughout the world
outsourcing
when a company moves its business to a place where labor is cheaper or production is more efficient because workers work longer hours.
public opinion
the sun of individual attitudes about government policies and issues
focus group
a small group assembled for a conversation about specific issues
scientific poll
a representative poll of randomly selected respondents with statistically significant sampling size
sample
subgroup of people from larger population representing the public opinion
weighting
survey is adjusted according to demographics
sampling error
the margin of error in a poll calculated with plus or minus three percentage points
mass survey survey
designed to measure opinions of pop usually 15,000 ppl
entrance survey
a poll conducted of people coming to an event
exit poll
a survey conducted outside a polling location where individuals are asked who they voted for and why
benchmark poll
a survey taken at beginning of political campaigns to judge public opinion.
tracking poll
a survey determining the level of support for a candidate or issue
random digit dialing
randomly calling numbers and asking questions
question order
sequencing of questions
question wording
phrasing of question in a public poll
political ideology
a set of beliefs about the desired goals and outcomes of a process of governance
right
something guaranteed that the government can not take away
privilege
something a person can have but the government can take away
party ideology
a party’s philosophy about the proper rule of government
party identification
an individual’s attachment to a party
conservatism
ideology favoring more control of social behavior, fewer regulations on businesses, and less government interphereance in the economy
libralism
an ideology favoring less government control of social behaviors, and more regulation of business and economy
libertarianism
ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberty
command and control economy
requires that a nation’s central government own and control the means of production. Private ownership of land and capital is nonexistent or severely limited
mixed economy
an economic system combining private and public enterprise.
gross domestic product
measures the monetary value of final goods and services—that is, those that are bought by the final user—produced in a country in a given period of time
economic recession
a period between a peak and a trough in the business cycle where there is a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy that can last from a few months to more than a year
unemployment rate
the share of the labour force without work.
consumer price index
a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for a representative basket of consumer goods and services
fiscal policy
the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.
Federal reserve system
board of governors federal reserve banks and monetary banks responsible for monetary policy
monetary policy
set of economic policy tools designed to regulate the amount of money in the economy
Medicare
federal program that provides health insurance to seniors and the disabled
Medicaid
Provides health care to the poor
